2. The Civil War

3. GPS’s  SS8H6 The student will analyze the impact of the Civil War and Reconstruction on Georgia.  b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War; include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville.

4. North versus South EQ: Who had the most resources, the North or South? The North What was the North’s economy based on? Industry What was the South’s economy based on? Agriculture

5. Resources  Economic – North – firearms, boats, ships, iron, cloth, and shoes South – cotton, corn, wheat, livestock  Human Resources – North – 22 million people South – 9 million (including slaves)

6.  Military – North – 16,000 soldiers South – zero – turned to state militia’s for troops  Population & Railroad Mileage – North – 71% South – 29%  Manufacturing – North – 85% South – 15%

7. Industrial Workers – North – 92% South – 8%

8. Georgia’s Resources  Industry – Georgia’s main industry was milling grain into flour and meal; textile industry (i.e. cotton mills) also large industry.  Atlanta – factories produced military and non-military goods such as pistols, cannons, and rails for railroads; a large arsenal made bullets, saddles, and other military supplies.

9.  Agriculture – Confederate governments encouraged farmers to reduce cotton production and start growing food. Why would they do this? Because food would be greatly needed for the upcoming war between the North and South.

10.  Railroads – With over 1,400 miles of railroads, Georgia had more railroads than any other state in the South; the major railroads in the South ran through Atlanta.

11. Military Strategies  North – Anaconda Plan – the North would place blockades around the South’s waterways, preventing the South from exporting or importing goods.  South – King Cotton Diplomacy – the South believed that European countries would send them aid in return for cotton

12. Whose plan failed and why?  The South’s because the other countries did not want to get involved in the war by helping out the South.

13. Military Strategies of the North  Many Northerners opposed this plan-they wanted a quick end to the “rebellion.”  Lincoln agreed that the federal government had to force the South back into the Union instead of waiting for them to surrender. That meant sending Union troops into the South to defeat the Confederate Army. Because Richmond, VA was the Confederate capital, Lincoln ordered federal troops into VA (summer of 1861).

14. Military Strategies of the North  Northern leaders expected a short conflict.  Initial strategy- fight a limited war with little fighting.  General Winfield Scott established Anaconda Plan- a blockade of Northern ships around the Southern states’ coastline (particularly at the mouth of the Mississippi River). This prevented the South from exporting cotton and receiving supplies thus strangling the South like a snake strangling its prey.

15. Military Strategies of the South  Confederate leaders hoped North would tire of war/accept Southern independence.  South hoped to break blockade with European help  South believed Europe’s need for cotton would win their support (King Cotton Diplomacy) –Europe found other sources of cotton

16. Military Strategies of the South  South used ships (blockade runners) to break blockades  Sidney Lanier (famous GA poet) served a signal officer on a blockade runner  Merchants smuggled cotton out of GA by Apalachicola River to Gulf Coast.  “Mosquito Fleet” (smaller fleet of boats) helped blockade runners get into Savannah harbor (Josh Tatnall-Mosquito Fleet commander)

17. Fighting Begins in April 1861  Who fired the first shots of the Civil War and where were the shots fired? The Confederate Army fired the first shots at Fort Sumter near Charleston, S.C.

18. Battle of Bull Run/Manassas  What was the name for first battle of the Civil War? The Battle of Bull Run/Battle of Manassas.  Who won the battle? The Confederate Army

20. Reasons for Fighting  Northern troops thought they were fighting to preserve the Union.  Southern troops thought they were fighting to guarantee the rights of the states to govern themselves (states’ rights).

21. Confederate Draft  The Confederate government passed the draft in April 1862. A draft is a law requiring citizens to serve in the military.

22. Ways to keep from being drafted  Anyone who was drafted could pay a fee and hire a substitute to take his place.  Men in certain professions and government employees did not have to serve; railroad employees, telegraph operators, workers in cotton mills, mines, and shoemakers were exempted.  20-slave exemption – for every 20 slaves on a plantation, 1 white man was exempted.

23.  What did this mean for the rich? Those with money did not have to serve in the military. (i.e. they could pay fee to hire a substitute or if they had 20 or more slaves they would be exempted).

24. Food Riots  Supplies started to become scarcer.  Southern women began to riot because of the high prices placed on food.  Women staged food riots, demanding better rations and prices.

25. Women’s Roles in the South  What did women do before the Civil War? They performed household duties such as cooking, cleaning, and raising children.  With the men off to war, the women were left in charge. They were responsible for all the farm duties as well as the household tasks.  Women worked in factories and also made military supplies.  They served as spies and informants.  Some disguised themselves as men and enlisted to fight.  Some were nurses and volunteers in military hospitals.

26. African-American Soldiers  The Union army recruited freedmen from the South.  The 54 th Massachusetts Colored Volunteers – one of the first African-American regiments organized in the North.  By 1865, the Confederate Congress approved drafting slaves, but none were actually called to serve as combat soldiers. Why? If they were given a gun, they may shoot the white Confederate soldiers or run to the North and help them out.

28. Battle of Shiloh  First conflict between North and South that resulted in severe losses and showed how fierce later battles would be.

30. Battle of Antietam  Bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War.  Over 23,000 Union and Confederate soldiers had been killed or wounded.  After the battle Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation which freed all slaves in the Confederate states. This Proclamation did not apply to slave holding states in the Union.

33. Where did the bloodiest one-day battle of the Civil War occur? Antietam

34. After what battle was the Emancipation Proclamation issued? Antietam

35. Battle of Gettysburg  Robert E. Lee was the Confederate commander at the Battle of Gettysburg.  Over 28,000 Confederate soldiers and 23,000 Union soldiers were injured or dead.  Largest/deadliest battle of Civil War  Lincoln gave his famous speech The Gettysburg Address here.

37. Where was the largest battle of the Civil War held? Gettysburg

38. Who was the Confederate commander at the Battle of Gettysburg? Robert E. Lee

39. What was the name of Lincoln’s famous speech that was given in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania? The Gettysburg Address

40. Chickamauga & Chattanooga  Chickamauga was a major railroad center.  Confederate General Broxton Bragg defeated Union forces here in northern Georgia.  Union forces retreated to Chattanooga.  Bragg’s army did not follow up on the Union retreat.  Grant (Union) headed in with more troops and recaptured Chattanooga, forcing Bragg to retreat south to Dalton.

42. Why was Chickamauga important? Because it was a major railroad center in northern Georgia near Tennessee

44. What happened after the Confederate army won the battle at Chickamauga? The Confederate army did not chase the retreat of the Union army and Grant came in with more troops, overtook Chattanooga, and forced the Confederate troops south to Dalton.

45. More battles  Small battles were fought at Dalton, Resaca, Allatoona, Kennesaw Mountain, and New Hope Church.  This was a different type of battle for soldiers on both sides of the war because soldiers were used to fighting a big battle.  Sherman (Union) moved around/flanked Johnston’s (Confederacy) forces, avoiding major battles.  The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain was the first major battle near Atlanta soil.

47. What next?  Sherman’s plan was to march through Georgia, take Atlanta, and then proceed to Savannah; then turn north through South Carolina and North Carolina.

48. Sherman’s campaign differed from other types of war for soldiers on both sides. How did it differ? The soldiers were used to fighting a big battle rather than several small battles.

49. What was the first major battle on Georgia soil? The Battle of Kennesaw Mountain

51. Atlanta  Sherman (Union) shelled the city of Atlanta for almost 40 days and burned it to the ground before leaving for Savannah.

52. What did Sherman do before leaving for Savannah? He burned the city of Atlanta to the ground.

53. “March to the Sea”  After burning Atlanta, Sherman wanted to take his army through the middle of Georgia, all the way to Savannah.  Sherman waged a total war against everything that supported enemy troops.  Sherman’s troops tore up rail lines and destroyed crops.  They burned homes and businesses of those who put up resistance.

56. What was the name given for Sherman’s plan to march from Atlanta through the middle of Georgia to Savannah? The March to the Sea

57. What was included in Sherman’s total war against Georgia? The war was not only against enemy troops, but everything that supported the enemy. They tore up rail lines and destroyed crops. They destroyed homes and buildings in any area if they encountered resistance. Sherman's Neckties Destroy Confederate Rail — History.com Video Sherman's Neckties Destroy Confederate Rail — History.com Video

58. Andersonville  Andersonville was a Confederate prison on 26 acres of land.  It was meant to hold 10,000 Union prisoners but eventually held over 33,000 prisoners.  Almost 13,000 Union prisoners died from disease, starvation, and horrible living conditions before the end of the war.

60. Where was the Confederate prison for Union prisoners? Andersonville, Georgia

61. What happened in Andersonville, Georgia? Over 33,000 Union prisoners were held here. Almost 13,000 Union prisoners died from disease, starvation, and horrible living conditions.

62. Savannah  Throughout the war, Union forces had not been able to take Savannah by the sea.  On December 21, 1864, Union troops marched into Savannah and took the city because Savannah was not prepared for a land invasion.  Sherman sent a wire to President Lincoln announcing that Sherman was presenting Lincoln the city of Savannah as a Christmas gift.  After taking Savannah, Sherman’s troops turned north into South Carolina.

64. How did Union forces overtake Savannah? By a surprise attack by land.

65. What did Sherman send to Lincoln after overtaking Savannah? He sent a wire to Lincoln telling him that he was giving him Savannah as a Christmas gift.

66. Where did Sherman’s troops go after overtaking Savannah? North toward South Carolina.

67. Appomattox Court House  Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia on April 9, 1865.

68. Where and when did Lee surrender to Grant? Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House, Virginia, on April 9, 1865.

69. President Lincoln  President Lincoln was killed by John Wilkes Booth at Ford’s Theater on April 14, 1865.

70.  American Civil War Video — History.com American Civil War Video — History.com American Civil War Video — History.com  Abraham Lincoln — History.com Video Abraham Lincoln — History.com Video Abraham Lincoln — History.com Video

71. Who killed Lincoln and where was he killed? John Wilkes Booth killed Lincoln at Ford’s theater.