1. 1 Living organisms are classified into 3 Domains 1.Bacteria 2.Archaea 3.Eukarya 4 Kingdoms in this Domain

2. 2 Domain Eukarya has 4 Kingdoms 1. Kingdom Protista 2. Kingdom Fungi 3. Kingdom Plantae 4. Kingdom Animalia

3. 3 Characteristics of Plants Eukaryotes Eukaryotes Multicellular Multicellular Can not move Can not move Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize Autotrophic-can Photosynthesize Thick cell walls made of cellulose Thick cell walls made of cellulose

4. 4 Adaptations of Plants Cuticle to prevent water loss Cuticle to prevent water loss Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis Leaves for carrying out photosynthesis Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals Roots to anchor and absorb water and minerals Stems for support and transport of food, water and minerals Stems for support and transport of food, water and minerals Vascular tissues for transport in some plants Vascular tissues for transport in some plants Most have seeds for reproduction Most have seeds for reproduction Alternation of generations Alternation of generations

5. 5 Plant Evolution Plants are divided into vascular and nonvascular Plants are divided into vascular and nonvascular The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants The Vascular plants are divided into seed plants and non seed plants The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers The Seed Plants are divided into those with cones and those with flowers

6. 6 Vascular/Nonvascular Seed/Seedless Bryophytes are the non vascular plants with focus on the moss Bryophytes are the non vascular plants with focus on the moss The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless The Pterophytes are the ferns and they are vascular and seedless The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers. The Seed plants consist of the Gymnosperms with cones and the Angiosperms with flowers.

7. 7 Ginkgophyta A division of seed plants that A division of seed plants that have only one living species have only one living species The leaves of the plant are fan shaped The leaves of the plant are fan shaped For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China. The wild status of ginkgos there is uncertain. For centuries it was thought to be extinct in the wild, but is now known to grow wild in eastern China. The wild status of ginkgos there is uncertain.China

8. 8 Evolution of Plants 4 major evolutionary steps

9. 9 Alternation of Generations Gametophyte and Sporophyte Notice that the more advanced plants have a dominant Sporophyte and the less advanced plants have a more dominant Gametophyte

10. 10 Moss Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://www.sumanasinc.com/webcontent/anisamples/majorsbiology/moss.html Moss Life Cycle

11. 11 Fern Life Cycle http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/112s99Lect/life-cycles.html Fern Life Cycle

12. 12 Alternation of Generations By definition, all plants alternate generations Gametophyte n=haploid Sporophyte 2n=diploid

13. 13 Vascular Tissue Xylem specialized cells for carrying water and dissolved minerals from the roots The specialized cells found in Xylem are the tracheids Phloem cells for carrying food produced in the leaves through photosynthesis to all parts of the plant Vascular Cambium The specialized tissue that gives rise to new Xylem and Phloem This is the tissue that brings about the growth of a tree trunk

14. 14 Leaf Structure http://www.purchon.com/biology/flash/leaf.swf http://www.purchon.com/biology/flash/leaf.swf The primary function of leaves is photosynthesis Most photosynthesis takes place in the Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll is loosely packed cells and permits gases to move between palisade cells and the outside of the leaf

15. 15 Root Structure Apical Mesistems are found at the tips of roots This is an area of active growth There are also meristems found at the tips of growing stems

16. 16 Root Functions Anchor plants Anchor plants Absorb water and minerals Absorb water and minerals May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes, turnips) May store carbohydrates (carrots, potatoes, turnips) May store water for dry periods May store water for dry periods Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients Plant Cells use minerals, such as nitrogen and potassium in LARGE amounts; called macronutrients Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients Minerals needed in SMALL amounts are called micronutrients Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants Mineral deficiencies or excess minerals can kill plants

17. 17 Transport in Plants Transport in a plant involves movement of water, minerals, macro and micronutrients by vascular cambium Xylem transports water and minerals from the roots Phloem transports food from the leaves to all parts of the plant Root Hairs aid in the absorption of water and minerals because it increases the surface area of roots

18. 18 Structure and Function of Stomata If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens If water enters the guard cells, they swell up and the stomata opens If water leaves the guard cells, they become flaccid and the stomata closes If water leaves the guard cells, they become flaccid and the stomata closes

19. 19 Angiosperm or Flowering Plant Reproduction The Sporophyte is the dominant stage in the life cycle of the Angiosperms

20. 20 Basic Flower Structure of an Angiosperm http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 http://plantandsoil.unl.edu/croptechnology2005/plant_phys/?what=animationList&informationModuleId=1087230040 Sepals protect the flower bud from insect damage and dryness The color, scent, and nectar of flowers attracts insects, bats, and birds These animals help to transfer the pollen from the anthers of one flower to the stigma of other flowers-called pollination

21. 21 Complete and Incomplete Flowers Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. Perfect Flowers: have both male and female reproductive structures. Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures Imperfect Flowers: have either male or female structures Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil Complete flowers: have four basic structures: petals, sepals, a stamen and a pistil Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking Incomplete flowers: have one or more of these structures lacking

22. 22 Pollen Tube Growth and Fertilization in Angiosperms The Pollen grains are transferred to the Stigma where the pollen grain produces a Pollen tube The pollen tube grows down the style into the ovary where it fuses its nuclei with the nuclei of the ovule The fertilized ovule becomes a seed and the ovary develops into the fruit of the plant

23. 23 Plant Responses Example: Sensitivity to pressure or touch This can be protective for the plant

24. 24 Phototropism Positive Phototropism: the plant is bending toward the sunlight

25. 25 Phototropism Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction Phototropism is illustrated by the movement of plants in relation to light source direction Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side Light causes the hormone auxin to move to the shaded side The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate The auxin causes the cells on the shaded side to elongate As a result, the shoot bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism As a result, the shoot bends toward the light and exhibits positive phototropism

26. 26 Thigmotropism Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid object Thigmotropism is a plant growth response to touching a solid object Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object Tendrils and stems of vines, such as morning glories, coil when they touch an object Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis. Thigmotropism allows some vines to climb other plants or objects, thus increasing its chance of intercepting light for photosynthesis.

27. 27 Geotropism or Gravitropism

28. 28 Gravitropism Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity Gravitropism is a plant growth response to gravity A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upward A root usually grows downward and a stem usually grows upward Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are negatively gravitropic Roots are positively gravitropic and stems are negatively gravitropic

29. 29 Plant Hormones Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation Auxin-This hormone promotes cell elongation Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants Auxin is found in the apical meristems of plants Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller Gibberellins help the plants to grow taller Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development Gibberellins also increase the rate of seed germination and bud development

30. 30 Angiosperms are Divided into Monocots and Dicots

31. 31 Monocots and Dicots Again

32. 32 Monocot and Dicot Seed Structure

33. 33 Monocot and Dicot Leaf Veins

34. 34 Monocot and Dicot Flower Pedals Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples Monocot-pedals in groups of three or multiples Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s Dicots-pedals in groups of 4s or 5s

35. 35 Monocot and Dicot Stem Monocots-vascular tissue scattered Monocots-vascular tissue scattered Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem Dicots-vascular tissue around edge of stem

36. 36 Examples of Monocots and Dicots Monocots include: grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palms Monocots include: grasses, oats, wheat, orchids, lilies and palms Dicots include: shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers Dicots include: shrubs, trees (except conifers) wild flowers and some garden flowers

37. 37 Monocot and Dicot Seed Anatomy Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo Food is stored in the cotyledon for the embryo The seed coat functions as a physical barrier The seed coat functions as a physical barrier Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant Epicotyls becomes the leaves of plant Hypocotyls becomes the stem Hypocotyls becomes the stem Radicle becomes the root Radicle becomes the root

38. 38 Seed Germination Requirements for seed germination include: Enough water to activate the metabolism of embryo Sufficient oxygen for respiration Suitable temperature for growth of that species

39. 39 Seed Dispersal Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small animals, wind, and water Seeds dispersal is completed by birds, small animals, wind, and water The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut provides protection as well as a floatation device The tough, fibrous outer covering of a coconut provides protection as well as a floatation device

40. 40 Seed Germination Seeds are stored food with an Embryo Some species need unusual conditions for Germination: Pass through acidic environment of an animals digestive system Some require freezing temperatures, extensive soaking in water (rice), exposure to fire (conifers/pines), or certain day lengths

41. 41 Genetic Engineering of Plants Plants can be genetically engineered to: Plants can be genetically engineered to: Be more tolerant of different climates & soils Be more tolerant of different climates & soils Produce more fruit Produce more fruit Be more nutritious Be more nutritious Be more resistant to insects and herbicides Be more resistant to insects and herbicides