1. Civil War and Reconstruction
SS8H6 b. State the importance of key events of the Civil War, Include Antietam, Emancipation Proclamation, Gettysburg, Chickamauga, the Union blockade of Georgia’s coast, Sherman’s Atlanta Campaign, Sherman’s March to the Sea, and Andersonville. c. Analyze the impact of Reconstruction on Georgia and other southern states, emphasizing Freedmen’s Bureau, sharecropping and tenant farming, Reconstruction plans, 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments to the Constitution, Henry McNeal Turner and the Ku Klux Klan.

2. Confederate fortifications, Yorktown, VA

3. The War Begins in 1861
In April of 1861, after South Carolina fights to keep Ft. Sumter, four more states secede from the Union and the Confederate States of America, CSA is formed.

4. Lincoln tries to Preserve the Union
Even though he faces opposition, Lincoln focuses on the preservation of the United States, (the Union)
He does not agree with slavery but does not want to initially push the issue
He takes volunteers and also begins using a draft to build up the army.
Both sides think if there is war, it will end quickly

5. The Confederacy President-Jefferson Davis
Vice President- Alexander Stephens (from GA)
The cabinet of the
Confederate States at
Montgomery,
1861 June 1 , Harpers
Weekly

6. Resources of Each Side North South 23 states 22 million people
Trained army and navy
22,000 miles of Railroad track
100,000 factories with 1.1 million workers
11 states
9 million people(about 4 million were slaves)
No standing army or navy
9,000 miles of Railroad track
20,000 factories with 100,000 workers

7. Rating the North & the South

8. Resources: North & the South

9. War Strategies Northern Southern
Anaconda Plan with a blockade of Confederate ports including the Mississippi River (to prevent southern trade with foreign countries)
Capture the Confederate capitol of Richmond
Destroy the Confederates on the battlefield
Lay waste to the land so Southerners would stop supporting the war
King Cotton Diplomacy- support from England and France who trade cotton for their textile mills
Wear down the invading Union and weaken Northern support for the war
Sink Union ships and evade the blockade to continue trading and keep the ports open
Win a strategic victory on Union Soil

10. Overview of Civil War Strategy:
“Anaconda” Plan

11. Famous leader from the North
Became the
Commanding General
of the United States
Army from 1864 to
1865
Lee surrenders to
Grant at Appomattox
Elected the 18th
President
Graduated West
Point in 1843
Spent much of the
Civil War in the
Western Campaign
Aggressor/victor
in the Battle of
Shiloh and Vicksburg
U.S. Grant gen. U.S.A

12. Sherman, a Northern Leader
Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, after capturing Atlanta in 1864, led his “March to the Sea”

13. Brady, Mathew B., ca. 1823-1896,photographer
General Robert E. Lee
Graduated top in his class from
West Point and served on its faculty
Spent 32 years in the U.S. Army
Asked by Lincoln to serve as
Commander of the Union Army
Declined this offer when his home
State of VA seceded
Became senior military advisor to
President Davis of the CSA
Later became the commander of the
Confederate eastern army or “The
Army of Northern Virginia”
Loved by his troops and considered
one of the best military minds of his
time
Surrendered to Grant at Appomattox
Court House on April 9, 1865

14. Thomas Jonathan “Stonewall” Jackson
Graduated from West Point in 1846,
and served in the U.S. Army
Corp commander of the Amy of
Northern Virginia
Gifted and brilliant military mind,
became part of the faculty of VA
Military Institute
Shot at the Battle of Chancellorsville
and died eight days later of
pneumonia

15. The Progress of War:

16. Major Battles
1st Manassas/ 1st Bull Run: thinking an invasion of Richmond would bring a quick end to the war, the Union marches into VA
Jackson received his famous nickname “Stonewall” from this battle because he stood his ground like a stone wall

17. Battle of Antietam Creek/Sharpsburg, MD
One of few battles on Union soil
Bloodiest single day of fighting in all of US history
Three phases of fighting: corn field, sunken road and Antietam Creek bridge
McClellan fails to destroy Lee's army
Tactically inconclusive but Lincoln sees it as a positive event because Lee retreats back to VA so he issues his Emancipation Proclamation

18. Emancipation Proclamation, September 22, 1862
This document ultimately discouraged the British and French governments from helping the Confederacy
Lincoln uses his power as “Commander-in-Chief” to free the slaves in the Confederate States; he issued the executive order that the slaves of any state that did not return to the Union would be free
Slavery, not preserving the Union, is now a primary reason for fighting the war

19. The Monitor vs. the Merrimac
The Battle of the Ironclads, March, 1862
The Monitor vs. the Merrimac

20. Gettysburg Second battle on Union soil
Battle lasted three days, July 1-3, 1863
During the first day of fighting the Confederates were very successful, on the second the Union held their ground and on the third “Pickett’s Charge” was repulsed leaving Lee no other option but to retreat back to Virginia
Major turning point in the war due to heavy casualties, the Confederacy never regained enough replacements while the Union had many more men to draft

21. The Road to Gettysburg: 1863

22. Gettysburg Casualties

23. Gettysburg, Pa. Confederate dead gathered for burial at the edge of the Rose woods, July 5, 1863

24. Chickamauga, GA September 19–20, 1863
One of the most significant Union defeats
Gen. Braxton Bragg should have followed the Union retreat to Chattanooga
Federal camp by the
Tennessee River,

25. Kennesaw Mt. and the Atlanta Campaign
Battle of Kennesaw Mt. was the last Confederate victory before Atlanta falls
fought on June 27, 1864
Johnston blocked Sherman’s path to Atlanta with fortifications on Kennesaw Mt.
The Union army eventually went around the Mt. and headed toward Atlanta, an important railroad and supply center for the Confederacy
September 2,1864, Atlanta falls to Union forces and this politically helps Lincoln get re-elected

26. Sherman’s March to the Sea
After Sherman captured Atlanta he sent his troops through GA to Savannah, Nov.-Dec. 1864
He operated without supply lines and took what he needed along the way, resulting in complete destruction of industry, infrastructure and civilian property (Total War)

27. Sherman’s March through Georgia` to the Sea, 1864

28. Andersonville, A Prisoner of War Camp
Andersonville was a Confederate POW camp that was overcrowded with too many prisoners and extremely undersupplied which caused many to die.

29. Inventions/ Innovations
Telegraph
Davis uses it to gather forces for Shiloh.
Fredericksburg sees first extensive use on the battlefield.
Railway
Greatly changes logistics and strategic maneuvers.
North had good system; South had acceptable quantity, but no standardized track width and poor bedding for the rails.

30. WEAPONS
Rifle (muzzle loader) greatly changes tactics, although most leaders are slow to grasp its impact.
Cold Harbor
2k dead in twenty minutes, another 5k wounded.
Calvary is not used to charge/exploit, but to scout/skirmish.
reconnaissance

31. Casualties on Both Sides

32. Civil War Deaths in Comparison to Other Wars

33. Reconstruction Era
Lincoln had a plan to rebuild the south and restore it to the Union
It was to be quick and easy
Everyone would be pardoned(except high ranking officials) and when 10% of the voters take a loyalty oath the state would be permitted back into the Union
Johnson takes over when Lincoln is assassinated
His plan was much like Lincoln’s but expanded the group that would not be granted the general pardon
In this group he included large property owners and they had to apply to the president for their pardon
Declared that Reconstruction was complete because the war goals were met, national unity and an end to slavery
Congress and the Radical Republicans take over in 1866, (felt it was their job to be in control Reconstruction)
They returned the South to military control, and overruled Johnson’s veto
Passed the 14th and 15th Amendments
By 1877 Army intervention in the South ceases and Republican control collapses

34. Freedman’s Bureau
Key agency during Reconstruction; Bureau of Refugees, Freedman, and Abandoned Lands
Initiated by President Lincoln in March of 1865 and intended to last for one year
Was part of the War Dept.
Designed to help former slaves and poor whites cope with their everyday problems
Main job was to help set up work opportunities and supervise labor contracts, as well as help with education and other daily necessities like food and clothing

35. Making a living doing what they know
Sharecropping
Tenant Farming
Landowners provide the land for farming, the tools, the shelter, the seed, the animals and the fertilizers
Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of the land and the credit of supplies
Landowners provide the land for farming and the shelter, the tenant usually owns his own tools and animals
Worker agrees to share the harvest for the use of the land and usually makes a little more than a sharecropper because less use of credit is needed

36. Opposition to the Reconstruction Plans
This opposition sometimes took violent measures
Ku Klux Klan was a secret organization that tried to prevent the newly freed slaves from exercising their new rights
They did this through intimidation, beatings, and murder
This appeared in Harper's Weekly
January 27, 1872
Three Ku Klux Klan members
arrested in Mississippi, September
1871, for the attempted murder
of an entire family.

37. New Amendments 13th Amendment: makes slavery illegal
14th Amendment: granted citizenship to the freedmen (remember the Dred Scott decision) and forbade any state from discrimination, states could not deny anyone “equal protection of the law”
15th Amendment: gave all male citizens the right to vote (The right of citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the U.S or by any State on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude)

38. Henry McNeal Turner
Elected to the Georgia Legislature in 1868, part of the new legislators elected during Reconstruction

39. Review The War began in April of 1861 and ends in April of 1865
Each side creates strategies and the CSA has to create their own government and army
Most battles are fought on Confederate soil, many in VA
Following the war there is a turbulent period known as Reconstruction
The newly freed slaves begin adjusting to freedom with the help of the Freedmen’s Bureau
New amendments are passed to enable the freed slaves the ability to enjoy Constitutional Rights