1. Warm Up Think of a family member or someone else you know who has one of the following diseases: allergies, asthma, diabetes, arthritis Think of a family member or someone else you know who has one of the following diseases: allergies, asthma, diabetes, arthritis What does this person do to manage the disease or its symptoms? What does this person do to manage the disease or its symptoms?

2. Non Communicable Disease Prevention Lesson 32

3. Objectives Identify the causes, symptoms and treatment of several non-communicable diseases Identify the causes, symptoms and treatment of several non-communicable diseases

4. Non-Communicable Disease disease that is not transmitted by another person, vector or the environment disease that is not transmitted by another person, vector or the environment

5. Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD) disease that affects the heart or blood vessels (CVD) disease that affects the heart or blood vessels 61 million Americans have some form of the disease 61 million Americans have some form of the disease CVDs are responsible for more that 40% of all deaths in the US each year CVDs are responsible for more that 40% of all deaths in the US each year

6. Types of Cardiovascular Disease Hypertension Hypertension Atherosclerosis Atherosclerosis Diseases of the Heart Diseases of the Heart Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris Arrhythmias Arrhythmias Heart Attack Heart Attack Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure Stroke Stroke

7. Hypertension High blood pressure High blood pressure Blood pressure: force of blood created by the heart’s contractions and resistance of the vessel walls Blood pressure: force of blood created by the heart’s contractions and resistance of the vessel walls Normal pressure varies with age, height, weight and genetic factors Normal pressure varies with age, height, weight and genetic factors Major risks factor for other types of CVDs Major risks factor for other types of CVDs Pressure that is continually above the normal range will damage the hart, blood vessels and other bodily organs Pressure that is continually above the normal range will damage the hart, blood vessels and other bodily organs High blood pressure can be lowered with medication, weight management, adequate physical activity and proper nutrition High blood pressure can be lowered with medication, weight management, adequate physical activity and proper nutrition

8. Atherosclerosis Process in which plaques accumulate on artery walls Process in which plaques accumulate on artery walls Buildup due mainly to food choices Buildup due mainly to food choices High intake of saturated fats and cholesterol High intake of saturated fats and cholesterol Sometimes a blood clot forms in the area of the plaque, growing until it blocks the artery and causing damage to the tissues the artery supplies blood to Sometimes a blood clot forms in the area of the plaque, growing until it blocks the artery and causing damage to the tissues the artery supplies blood to

9. Diseases of the Heart Angina Pectoris Angina Pectoris Chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen Chest pain that results when the heart does not get enough oxygen Most commonly caused by atherosclerosis Most commonly caused by atherosclerosis Arrhythmias Arrhythmias Irregular heart beats Irregular heart beats Common, and often don’t cause problems. However, certain types are serious Common, and often don’t cause problems. However, certain types are serious Ventricular fibrillation: electrical impulses regulating heart rhythm become rapid or irregular Ventricular fibrillation: electrical impulses regulating heart rhythm become rapid or irregular Most common cause of a sudden cardiac arrest Most common cause of a sudden cardiac arrest Heart Attack Heart Attack Many are sudden and cause chest pain but 1 in 4 produces no symptoms at all Many are sudden and cause chest pain but 1 in 4 produces no symptoms at all Immediate response to stress on the heart Immediate response to stress on the heart Without emergency help, death will follow within minutes Without emergency help, death will follow within minutes Congestive Heart Failure Congestive Heart Failure Gradual weakening of the heart that it can not maintain its regular pumping rate and force Gradual weakening of the heart that it can not maintain its regular pumping rate and force Can be a result of high blood pressure, arthrosclerosis, heart valve defects or other factors Can be a result of high blood pressure, arthrosclerosis, heart valve defects or other factors Medications, good nutrition and adequate physical activity can help to manage congestive heart failure Medications, good nutrition and adequate physical activity can help to manage congestive heart failure

10. Stroke When arterial blockage interrupts the flow of blood to the brain When arterial blockage interrupts the flow of blood to the brain Can affect different parts of the body, depending on the part of the brain that is deprived of oxygen Can affect different parts of the body, depending on the part of the brain that is deprived of oxygen Can also occur as a result of cerebral hemorrhage, a condition in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing blood to spread into surrounding brain tissue Can also occur as a result of cerebral hemorrhage, a condition in which a blood vessel in the brain bursts, causing blood to spread into surrounding brain tissue

11. Risk Factors for CVDs You Can Control: Figure 26.2 pg 679

12. Risk Factors You Can’t Control Heredity Heredity Children whose parents have CVD are more likely to develop CVD themselves Children whose parents have CVD are more likely to develop CVD themselves Gender Gender Men have a greater risk of developing CVD earlier in life and are at greater risk of having a heart attack than women Men have a greater risk of developing CVD earlier in life and are at greater risk of having a heart attack than women However, older women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men of the same age However, older women are less likely to survive a heart attack than men of the same age Age Age As people become older, they become more likely to develop CVD As people become older, they become more likely to develop CVD 80% of people who die of CVD are 65 or older 80% of people who die of CVD are 65 or older

13. Cancer Uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells Uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells Cancer can harm the body in various ways: Kill normal cells when they compete with them for nutrients Kill normal cells when they compete with them for nutrients Tumors put pressure on surrounding tissues and organs, interfering with body function Tumors put pressure on surrounding tissues and organs, interfering with body function Tumors can block arteries, veins, and other passages in the body Tumors can block arteries, veins, and other passages in the body Tumor: abnormal mass of tissue that has no natural role in the body Benign: noncancerous Benign: noncancerous Malignant: cancerous, spreading to neighboring tissues and through the blood or lymph to other parts of the body Malignant: cancerous, spreading to neighboring tissues and through the blood or lymph to other parts of the body Metastasis: the spread of cancer from the point where it originated to other parts of the body Metastasis: the spread of cancer from the point where it originated to other parts of the body

14. Types of Cancer Lymphomas: cancers of the immune system Lymphomas: cancers of the immune system Leukemias: Cancers of the blood forming organs Leukemias: Cancers of the blood forming organs Carcinomas: cancers of the glands and body linings, including the skin and the linings of the digestive tract and lungs Carcinomas: cancers of the glands and body linings, including the skin and the linings of the digestive tract and lungs Sarcomas: cancers of connective tissue, including bones, ligaments and muscle Sarcomas: cancers of connective tissue, including bones, ligaments and muscle

15. Risk Factors for Cancer Lifestyle factors Lifestyle factors Tobacco use (lung, mouth, bladder, pancreases, kidney) Tobacco use (lung, mouth, bladder, pancreases, kidney) STDs (HPV and hepatitis B cause cervical and liver cancers) STDs (HPV and hepatitis B cause cervical and liver cancers) Dietary Factors Dietary Factors 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by dietary risk factors 30% of all cancer deaths are caused by dietary risk factors Diet high in fat and low in fiber often associated with cancer (colon cancer) Diet high in fat and low in fiber often associated with cancer (colon cancer) Radiation Radiation UV rays from the sun are main cause of skin cancer UV rays from the sun are main cause of skin cancer 80% of skin cancers can be prevented 80% of skin cancers can be prevented

16. Early Detection Most critical factor in successful cancer treatment Most critical factor in successful cancer treatment Self examinations Self examinations Breast Breast Testes Testes Skin Skin Medical screenings Medical screenings

17. Treating Cancer Surgery Surgery Removal of some or all of the cancerous mass from the body Removal of some or all of the cancerous mass from the body Radiation therapy Radiation therapy Kills and shrinks the cancerous mass with rays from radioactive substances Kills and shrinks the cancerous mass with rays from radioactive substances Chemotherapy Chemotherapy Uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells Uses chemicals to destroy cancer cells Immunotherapy Immunotherapy Activates a person’s immune system to recognize specific cancers and destroy them Activates a person’s immune system to recognize specific cancers and destroy them Hormone therapy Hormone therapy Using medicines that interfere with the production of hormones, killing cancer cells or slowing their growth Using medicines that interfere with the production of hormones, killing cancer cells or slowing their growth Cancer that responds to treatment or is under control is said to be in remission a period of time when symptoms disappear a period of time when symptoms disappear

18. Allergies Specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless substance Specific reaction of the immune system to a foreign and frequently harmless substance Common causes of illness and disability in the US Common causes of illness and disability in the US Pollen, foods, dust, mold spores, chemicals, insect venom and medicines are common allergens Pollen, foods, dust, mold spores, chemicals, insect venom and medicines are common allergens Symptoms Symptoms Sneezing Sneezing Itchy eyes Itchy eyes Runny nose Runny nose Hives Hives Swelling Swelling Difficulty breathing or swallowing Difficulty breathing or swallowing Raspy voice Raspy voice Drop in blood pressure causing dizziness Drop in blood pressure causing dizziness If someone you know experiences any of the last few symptoms seek medical attention IMMEDIATELY

19. Diagnosing and Treating Allergies Diagnosing Blood tests Blood tests Food elimination diet Food elimination diet Skin test Skin test Looking for the inflammatory response Looking for the inflammatory responseTreatment Avoid the allergen Avoid the allergen Medicines Medicines Immunotherapy Immunotherapy Series of shots that contain small amounts of the allergen to which the person is sensitive, causing the immune system to become less sensitive Series of shots that contain small amounts of the allergen to which the person is sensitive, causing the immune system to become less sensitive

20. Asthma Inflammatory condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing Inflammatory condition in which the small airways in the lungs become narrowed, causing difficulty in breathing Bronchial tubes of people with asthma are sensitive to certain substances “triggers” Bronchial tubes of people with asthma are sensitive to certain substances “triggers” Pollution Pollution Pet dander Pet dander Smoke Smoke Mold Mold Pollen Pollen Dust mites Dust mites In an asthma attack, the asthma triggers cause the muscles of the bronchial walls to tighten and produce extra mucus. Respiratory passages narrow, resulting in minor wheezing to sever difficulty breathing In an asthma attack, the asthma triggers cause the muscles of the bronchial walls to tighten and produce extra mucus. Respiratory passages narrow, resulting in minor wheezing to sever difficulty breathing

21. Managing Asthma Monitor the condition Monitor the condition Recognize warning signs of an attack Recognize warning signs of an attack Shortness of breath Shortness of breath Chest tightness or pain Chest tightness or pain Coughing or sneezing Coughing or sneezing Manage the environment Manage the environment Reduce asthma triggers Reduce asthma triggers Avoid tobacco smoke Avoid tobacco smoke Eliminate carpets and rugs when possible Eliminate carpets and rugs when possible Wash bedding frequently Wash bedding frequently Manage stress Manage stress Relaxation techniques Relaxation techniques Take medication Take medication Bronchodilator: type of medication taken with an inhaler, relaxes and widens respiratory passages Bronchodilator: type of medication taken with an inhaler, relaxes and widens respiratory passages

22. Diabetes Chronic disease that affects the way the body cells convert food into energy Chronic disease that affects the way the body cells convert food into energy Pancreas produces too little or no insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter the body’s cells Pancreas produces too little or no insulin, a hormone that helps glucose enter the body’s cells Diagnose through a blood test Diagnose through a blood test Early detection can prevent serious side effects Early detection can prevent serious side effects Blindness Blindness Kidney failure Kidney failure Limb amputations Limb amputations Heart disease Heart disease Stroke Stroke Can be managed with medication, healthful diet and regular exercise Can be managed with medication, healthful diet and regular exercise

23. Type 1 vs Type 2 Type 1 Diabetes Type 1 Diabetes Accounts for 5-10% Accounts for 5-10% Appears suddenly and progresses quickly Appears suddenly and progresses quickly Body does not produce insulin, so glucose guilds up in the blood, starving cells of the energy they need Body does not produce insulin, so glucose guilds up in the blood, starving cells of the energy they need Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart Over time, high blood sugar levels can cause damage to eyes, kidneys, nerves and heart Autoimmune disease Autoimmune disease Condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues and organs of a person’s own body Condition in which the immune system mistakenly attacks itself, targeting the cells, tissues and organs of a person’s own body Must take daily does of insulin, either through injections or through a pump surgically implanted in the body Must take daily does of insulin, either through injections or through a pump surgically implanted in the body Type 2 Diabetes Type 2 Diabetes Accounts for 90-95% Accounts for 90-95% Most often appears after age 40 BUT is being found at younger ages, even among children and teens Most often appears after age 40 BUT is being found at younger ages, even among children and teens Body is unable to make enough insulin or to use insulin properly Body is unable to make enough insulin or to use insulin properly Diet high in fat, calories and cholesterol increases your risk Diet high in fat, calories and cholesterol increases your risk Treatment includes weight management and regular physical activity Treatment includes weight management and regular physical activity

24. Arthritis Group of more than 100 different diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in the joints Group of more than 100 different diseases that cause pain and loss of movement in the joints Osteoarthritis Osteoarthritis Disease of the joints in which cartilage breaks down Disease of the joints in which cartilage breaks down One of the most common types One of the most common types Strategies to reduce your risk Strategies to reduce your risk Control weight Control weight Prevent sport injuries Prevent sport injuries Warm up, strength train, use appropriate equipment Warm up, strength train, use appropriate equipment Let injuries heal completely before returning to play Let injuries heal completely before returning to play Protect against Lyme disease Protect against Lyme disease If left untreated can result in rare form of osteoarthritis If left untreated can result in rare form of osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Disease characterized by the debilitating destruction of the joints due to inflammation Disease characterized by the debilitating destruction of the joints due to inflammation Autoimmune disease Autoimmune disease Symptoms Symptoms Swelling, stiffness, loss of function, fever, fatigue, swollen glands Swelling, stiffness, loss of function, fever, fatigue, swollen glands Both sides of the body usually develop symptoms at the same time and in the same pattern Both sides of the body usually develop symptoms at the same time and in the same pattern Early diagnosis is crucial Early diagnosis is crucial Medication, exercise, rest, joint protection and therapy can help to manage the disease Medication, exercise, rest, joint protection and therapy can help to manage the disease