1. Early Middle Ages
Notes

2. Key Terms/People-Good Stuff to Know for Quest
Medieval
Serfs
Middle Ages
Tithe
Clovis
Chivalry
Charles Martel (the Hammer)
Monastery
Illuminated manuscripts
The Franks
Saint Benedict
Charlemagne
Secular
Vikings
Pope Gregory I
Feudalism
Carolingian Dynasty
Manorialism
Fief
Vassal

3. Objectives
Students will be able to… Explain how the fall of Rome and the authority of the Church shaped the early Middle Ages. Describe the creation of the Holy Roman Empire.

4. Europe After Rome

6. The Fall of Rome Rome united Europe for the first (and only) time
Fall of Rome caused many changes
Decline of central authority
Decline of cities
Decline of learning
But not in Eastern Europe. Why not?

7. Decline of Central Authority
Why?
Empire destroyed
Lots of invasions
Germanic tribes were loyal to individual leaders

8. Decline of Central Authority
So what?
Benefits of empire are lost
Education
Security
Economy
Trade

9. Decline of Cities Why? No jobs No food trade
Centers of people and wealth are not safe

10. Decline of Cities So what? Population shifted to rural areas
People become dispersed
“Progress” stalls

11. Decline of Learning Why? Germanic tribes have no written language
People focus on farming
People are disconnected

12. Decline of Learning So what? Knowledge of Greek lost Latin changes
“Progress” stalls
 The Dark Ages

13. The Church in the Middle Ages:

14. Expanding Influence of the Church
Christian Church has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe
Leading officials of Church were the Pope and Patriarch
Banning of heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)
conversion by force
Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome
Christian Church has become an important political, economic, spiritual and cultural force in Europe
Leading officials of Church were the bishops of Rome (Pope) and Constantinople (Patriarch)
As influence grew, laws were passed to forced people to become Christians and banned heresy (holding beliefs that contradict the official religion)
Fines were given against heretics, then harsher penalties and even death
Eventually, conversion by force
Eventually in 11th Century, Church split into two independent branches Eastern Orthodox (Greek) based in Constantinople and Roman Catholic in Rome

15. Church Power Grows People turn away from the secular
Local priests much closer than distant kings
Missionaries convert the Germans
Teach them writing

16. Monks and Education
Monasteries (places where monks live) preserve learning
No one else could read
No one else had time
Mostly translation, few new advances
Also translated Arabic works
Eventually create Europe’s universities

17. You scratch my back… I’ll scratch yours….
Church was granted favors by Roman Emperors / Kings (land, exemption from taxes, immunity in courts, positions in courts) and in return the Church would endorse kings to help secure their rule
Kings looked to Church to supply educated administrators to help run kingdoms and in return kings would enforce laws that prohibited other religions

18. Monasticism and Saints
Monks were people who gave up worldly possessions and devote themselves to a religious life
Established between communities called monasteries which became centers of education, literacy and learning
Strict codes of monastic conduct called Rule of St. Benedict
Saints- one who performs miracles that are interpreted as evidence of a special relationship with God
St. Augustine- wrote “Confessions” which discussed ideas of ethics, self knowledge, and the role of free will which shaped monastic tradition and the influence of Church
Rule of St. Benedict- years probation, solemn vows of obedience, chastity, poverty and silence, strict rules, 5-6 hours of prayer, 4 hours of spiritual reading, 5 hours of labour

19. The Holy Roman Empire

20. Merovingians
Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Franks
First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years
Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and expanded territory
His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
Clovis I wrote Salic Law - assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything; concept of trial options (trial by oath and trial by ordeal)
Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe
IMPACT = Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy
Merovingian is derived from the leader of the tribe of Franks
First dynasty after the Romans and ruled for 300 years
Leader in 481 CE was Clovis I- he united Frankish tribes and made a large fighting force in Northern Gaul, drastically expanding his territory
His conversion to Christianity won him support from the Church
Clovis I wrote Salic Law which assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything and in the case of a crime, the guilty had to pay the victim for losses; as well trial options (trial by oath and trial by ordeal)
Merovingian's founded and built many monasteries, churches and palaces and spread Christianity throughout Western Europe
Eventually dynasty declined as kings relaxed power and became more like figure heads whereas the real power lay with the powerful officials and leading aristocracy
He wrote Salic Law which assigned a specific financial value to everyone and everything and in the case of a crime, the guilty had to pay the victim for losses; as well trial options such as (trial by oath= people of status will swear in defence of accused) and trial by ordeal (accused to perform a physical test to show innonnce (believed that God would protect and help the innocent)

21. A Frankish Dynasty Franks were one of the Germanic tribes
Clovis converted to Christianity
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer)
Unites the Franks
Wins an important battle
Battle of Tours

22. Byzantine Empire in 6th Century

24. Carolingians
Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century
He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life
His son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms and eventually with the support of reformed Church, removed last Merovingian king from throne
Established the Carolingian dynasty, named to protect the papacy and establish the pope and bishops are the makers of kings
Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne
Rise of aristocratic Charles Martel who dominated Frankish kingdom in 8th century
Solidified claim with military victories in pushing Muslims south and establishing Frankish control of southern Gaul
He confiscated land given to Church and began Church reforms that would restore spirituality to clerical life
His son Pepin the Short continued Church reforms and eventually with the support of reformed Church, removed last Merovingian king from throne
Established the Carolingian dynasty, named to protect the papacy and establish the pope and bishops are the makers of kings
Greatest legacy was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne

25. Carolingian Dynasty Ruled by the Franks Centered in France
Started by Charlemagne in 800
Lasted until about 900

26. The Holy Roman Empire & Charlemagne
Charlemagne (Charles the Great) who was a military general and restored Pope Leo III who had been exiled
In return, Leo placed a crown on Charlemagne and named him the “Emperor of the Romans” which secured the relationship between Frankish kings and the papacy
Charlemagne became the first ruler of the Holy Roman Empire, a dynasty that would last for more than 700 years
Charlemagne- imposed order on empire through the Church and state
Ordered the standardization of Latin, textbooks, manuals for preaching, schools for clergy and people, new form of handwriting
All these promoted education and scholars and produced a precise written language (Latin)
Iberbia- (present day Spain) had privileged class of estate owners called seniores; strong ties to Church; southern Spain conquered by Moors (Islamic people from North Africa) and clashes between Christians and Muslims, who were called infidels (Latin meaning unfaithful)

27. Charlemagne: 742-814 Charles the Hammer’s grandson
Expands the Frankish Empire
Largest empire in Europe since Rome
Reunited Western Europe
Enforces the law (good at running his empire)
Spreads Christianity
Revived learning
Builds roads, schools, churches, etc.

28. Coronation Charlemagne saves the pope from a mob in Rome
Pope crowns him as Holy Roman Emperor on Dec. 25, 800
Powerful political force (both him, and the church!)

29. Charlemagne’s Legacy http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=djctvp_pC4o
Son: Louis the Pious
“an ineffective ruler”
Three grandsons
Fight amongst themselves
Divide into three kingdoms
Central authority declines again

31. Charlemagne’s Castle in Aachen, Germany

33. Treaty of Verdun, 843

34. A Contradiction
The Holy Roman Empire is not…
Holy
Roman
An Empire

35. The Church & The Holy Roman Empire
After the death of Charlemagne, the Holy Roman Empire was the strongest kingdom that arose from the ruins of his empire.
When Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor in 800, he unknowingly set the stage for future conflicts between popes and emperors.
Otto I, a German leader, allies with the church and creates the Holy Romany Empire.
A crown from the Holy Roman Empire.

36. The Church & The Holy Roman Empire
Feudalism and the manor system created divisions among people. Shared beliefs in the teachings of the Church bonded people together.
Priests and other religious officials administered the sacraments, or important religious ceremonies.
Kings and peasants were subject to canon law, or the law of the Church, in matters such as marriage and religious practices.

37. Invaders

38. Invaders Muslims Magyars Vikings Come from central Asia
Settle in Hungary
Vikings
From Scandinavia
Settle in Russia and England (Angles and Saxons)

39. Effects of Invaders Strengthen feudalism Disrupts trade
Really need those knights
Manor walls are helpful
Disrupts trade
No strong central government, so no strong army
But many invaders, so they need one
Invent a new type of government: feudalism
A social/governmental structure based on loyalty and land