1. What are the common threads that connect all living things?

2. Essential Questions
Why is cell specialization necessary for multicellular organisms, such as humans?
What is the purpose of DNA in the nucleus of a cell?

3. Levels of Organization
Organ system
Organ
Tissue
Cell

4. Organs and systems
1. Organ system – a group of organs that work together to do a certain job (i.e. digestive system) 2. Organ – a group of tissues that work together to do a job (i.e. small intestine)

5. Tissue Connective Muscle Epithelial Nerves
Group of similar cells that perform a particular function..
Connective
Muscle
Epithelial
Nerves

6. Cells have a special job to do (cell specialization)
The size and shape of a cell is related to its function
Stomach cells – extra lysosomes due to digestion
Brain cells would not need as many due to use of electrical impulses/neurons
Skelatal muscle red blood cell stromatal guard cell in leaf epidermis, smooth muscle cell , neuron

7. MACROMOLECULES

8. What are covalent bonds?
chemical bond that involves the sharing of electron pairs between atoms.

9. Chemistry of Life
Organic molecules: molecules that contain carbon atoms
C atoms are versatile building blocks
4 stable covalent bonds (4 valence e-)
C atoms can bond other C atoms or other atoms
Carbon chemistry = organic chemistry
Why is it a foundational atom?
What makes it so important?
Can’t be a good building block if you only form 1 or 2 bonds. H C

10. Macromolecules
Smaller organic molecules join together by covalent bonds to form larger molecules
built by linking repeating building blocks in a chain
4 major classes of macromolecules:
carbohydrates
lipids
proteins
nucleic acids

11. Lipids Examples Function: Fats, Oils, Waxes, and steroids
inside cell
outside cell
Function:
energy storage
cell membrane
insulates body
think whale blubber!
Examples
Fats, Oils, Waxes, and
steroids

12. Carbohydrates Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O carbo - hydr - ate
(CH2O)x C6H12O6
Building block molecules or monomers = sugars
(CH2O)x
C6H12O6
carb = carbon
hydr = hydrogen
ate = oxygen compound
sugar

13. Functions of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Glucose: quick energy
Polysaccharides
starch
energy storage in plants
glycogen
energy storage in animals
in liver & muscles
cellulose
structure in plants
cell walls

14. Proteins Function: worker molecules many, many functions hormones
signals from one body system to another
insulin
movement
muscle
enzymes
help chemical reactions

15. Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material DNA and RNA
stores information
genes
blueprint for new cells
transfers information
blueprint for building proteins
DNA  RNA  protein
DNA
proteins

16. Nucleic acids Building block = 5 different nucleotides nucleotides
nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide – nucleotide
5 different nucleotides
different nitrogen bases
A, T, C, G, U
phosphate
sugar
N base

17. Nucleus Function Structure control center of cell protects DNA
instructions for building proteins
Structure
nuclear membrane
nucleolus
ribosome factory
chromosomes
DNA

18. Ameoba Sisters DNA

19. What is DNA? DNA is made up of nucleotides from nucleic acids
There are four different types of nucleotides: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.
four nitrogenous bases
DNA code is held by the different letters of the nucleotides

20. What does DNA do??
Within each string of DNA are sets of instructions called genes.
Genes make proteins
Proteins are used by the cell to perform certain functions, to grow, and to survive.

21. Strawberry DNA Lab