Download presentation
1
Ecology
2
Ecology Definition- the study of the interaction between plants and animals and their interrelationships with the physical environment. Organisms are studied in relationship to other organisms and their environment.
3
Populations Definition-made up of members of a species living in a given area. Species- a group of organisms that can interbreed among themselves and produce fertile offspring.
4
Communities Definition- all the plant and animal populations in a given area make up a community.
5
Ecosystems Definition- is the self contained interdependent system of living and non-living things. 1. Characteristics of an Ecosystem: A constant source of energy Populations of organisms to store the energy in the form of organic compound. A continuous cycling of materials between populations and their environment. A flow of energy from one population to another. 2. Energy source for ecosystems sunlight, may also be heat from the earth's interior (ecosystems on ocean floors)
6
Ecosystems (continued)
Examples of ecosystems: A forest or wilderness uninhabited by humans A farm community that produces all the food it needs and makes all the other things it needs from materials found in the community. An aquarium is an artificial ecosystem.
7
Biospheres Definition- The portion of the Earth in which life exists.
Includes oceans, all land areas and soil, lower part of the atmosphere, and all ecosystems of the earth
8
Biotic vs Abiotic
9
Biotic Environment Definition: the living part of the environment
Biological Living Animals Viruses Bacteria Humans
10
Biotic Factors Competition exists for available food resources.
Plants may compete for the light needed to carryout photosynthesis. A living organism can be affected by a living component of its environment.
11
Examples of Biotic Tulip Polar Bear Leaf Goldfish Moss Bumblebee
A cell People Salamander Raccoon Deer Earthworm Maple tree Eagle Snake Corn on the plant Raspberry bush
12
Abiotic Environment Definition: the physical or non-living parts of the environment Try not to get mix up with biotic environment Remember, “A” means not (ex. Symmetrical and Asymmetrical) Sunlight Wind Temperature Moisture – water, rain, clouds soil
13
Abiotic Factors Ability of an organism to live depends on certain physical non-living factors Intensity of light Moisture Type of rocks Temperatures may affect the distribution of plants and animals.
14
Exmaples of Abiotic Oxygen Wind Sand Weather Clouds Fire Mountain Ice
Sunlight Wind Sand Weather Clouds Fire Mountain Ice Air Minerals Mud Rocks Temperature Climate Soil Moon Rain Volcanoes Lake Gold
15
Nutritional Relationships
16
Definition Nutritional Relationships - the interactions in an ecosystem providing each organism with the nutrients it needs for maintenance, growth, and reproduction.
17
Autotrophic/Heterotrophic Nutrition
Autotrophic Nutrition - Organisms that can synthesize their own food from inorganic materials and a source of energy. Ex: Flowers, Trees, Shrubs Heterotrophic Nutrition – All other organisms depend upon other organisms for food. Ex: Humans, Dogs, Lions
18
Heterotrophic Nutrition
4 Types of Food Dependency. Saprophytes, Herbivores, Carnivores, and Omnivores. Saprophytes are decomposers. Ex: Mushrooms (Fungi), bacteria of decay
19
Herbivores: are plant consumers. Ex: Rabbits, deer, grasshopper
Carnivores are animals that eat other animals. Ex: Wolves Omnivores are animals that eat both plants and animals. Ex: Humans
20
Carnivores: Predators and Scavengers
Predators kill and eat other living animals. Ex: Lions, Sharks, Hawks (Prey) Scavengers eat dead organisms that they have not killed themselves. Ex: Vultures, Hyenas, Crabs
21
Symbiotic Relationships
22
What is a Symbiotic relationship?
Two different organisms that live in close nutritional relationships with each other to the benefit of at least one organism It can or cannot be beneficial to both organisms There are three types of relationships Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism
23
What is Commensalism (+, 0)
When one organism benefits without the harm to another organism 1. Remora and shark 2. barnacle and whale
24
What is Mutualism? A relationship in which two organisms of different species work together, each benefiting from the relationship. Organisms in a mutualistic relationship often evolve together.
25
What is Parasitism? A relationship is one in which one organism the parasite lives off of another organism, the host. It is usually harming it and possibly causing death. Sometimes parasite lives on or in the body of the host. It is a Host
26
ENERGY FLOW
27
FOOD CHAINS Starts with a green plant or autotroph that converts energy from the sun into organic compounds. The energy passes along through each animal in a chain, each eating the last organism.
29
PRODUCERS They are the autotrophs in every community.
Food for a community starts as organic compounds and is synthesized by green plants or other autotrophs.
30
CONSUMERS The primary or first level consumers- organisms that feed on green plants; herbivores are consumers. Secondary or second level consumers- usually eat primary consumers. (carnivores) 3rd level predators eat 2nd level consumers while 4th level consumers eat 3rd level consumers. Animals 2nd level & higher are carnivores
31
DECOMPOSERS (Bacteria of Decay)
Break down the organic remains of dead organisms. Use the the energy stored in the organic material and produce simple compounds that are put back into the earth. These nutrients can be reused by other organisms.
32
PYRAMID OF ENERGY The pyramid of energy says that as food is consumed, less energy is available to the next level organism in usable form. See more energy at the producer level then the primary or secondary consumer, etc. Energy not transferred is converted to heat energy and lost by radiation from the earth.
33
PYRAMID OF ENERGY
35
PYRAMID OF BIOMASS The amount of living organisms that can be supported at a feeding level depends on the amount of energy available at their level. The total mass of living organisms (biomass) at each level is much less than the previous level.
36
Materials Cycle
37
Carbon-Hydrogen-Oxygen Cycle
Photosynthesis Plants utilize CO2 and Water to produce O2 and Glucose Cell Respiration Humans utilize O2 and Glucose to produce CO2 and Water
38
Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen Cycle
39
Water Cycle H2O cycle: describes the continuous movement of water, on above and below the surface of the earth Individual water molecules can come and go, in and out of the atmosphere The water moves from one reservoir to another, such as from river to ocean, or from ocean to the atmosphere, by the physical processes of evaporation, condensation, precipitation, infiltration, run off, and subsurface flow In doing so the water goes through different phases liquid, solid, and gas Water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes When water evaporates it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment When it condenses it releases energy and warms the environment Heat exchanges influence climate
40
Water cycle involves the exchange of energy, which leads to temperature changes
When water evaporates it takes up energy from its surroundings and cools the environment When it condenses it releases energy and warms the environment Heat exchanges influence climate By transferring water from one reservoir to another, the water cycle purifies water, replenishes the land with freshwater, and transports minerals to different parts of the globe It is also involved in reshaping the geological features of the earth, through such processes as erosion and sedimentation The Water cycle figures significantly in the maintenance of life and ecosystems
41
Water Cycle Continued
42
Greenhouse Effect: the result of gasses being trapped in the atmosphere by pollutants such as smog
44
Acid Rain results from pollutants being converted into acids
45
Ecological Succession
46
Succession Ecological Succession is the process by which an existing community is slowly replaced by another community over time. Ecosystems tend to go through a progressive transformation with time as biotic and abiotic factors change them.
47
Succession Ecological succession starts with a barren and lifeless environments disturbed by destructive or natural events such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, fires etc.
48
Primary Succession If there is no life in the area and no soil formation the process is called PRIMARY SUCCESSION. Essential in primary succession is soil formation and preparation.
49
Primary Succession (lichen and mosses) Symbiosis? ___________
After an ecosystem is destroyed the first organism to live in a destroyed or barren area are pioneer organisms. Pioneer organisms (lichen and mosses) Symbiosis? ___________ 1. Pioneer organisms come into the environment by spores in the wind. 2. Lichen and mosses usually grow on bare rock and break it down into soil. 3. Once there is soil, pioneer organisms are replaced by larger organisms such as grasses, shrubs and trees.
50
Primary Succession
51
Secondary Succession Secondary succession happens when a existing community has been wiped out but still contains soil for new life to form
52
Climax Community Succession of one community by another goes on until a mature, stable community develops is called a CLIMAX COMMUNITY. Ecosystem with climax community the conditions continue to be suitable for all members of the community. Climax Community remains until it is upset by a destroyed.
53
Succession of land
54
Succession in Lakes and Ponds
55
COMPETITION the conflict between individual organisms seeking to obtain food, water, shelter/living space a symbiotic relationship between or among living things for resources, such as food, water, shelter, space, mate, or ecological status
56
COMPETITION An example of biological competition is when two species fight over one area or resource. For instance, in a rainforest, one tree grows taller and higher than all the other trees surrounding it, absorbing the sunlight and not allowing any of the sunlight to reacher the smaller trees to help nourish them. Bigger Trees Smaller Trees
57
NICHES the particular way that a species relates to and uses the environment and obtains food the role of a species in a community the type of food an organism needs, the places it lives and reproduces in, the time of day it is active in the norm is one species per niche
58
NICHES only one species per area. For example:
within the area of a tree, different Warblers occupy different levels the tree. The trunk area is a niche, the middle area is a niche, and the top of the tree where the hawks are is a niche as well.
59
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COMPETITION AND NICHES
The connection between competition and niches is that if two species COMPETE for the same NICHE, it usually will result in the elimination of one of the species because only one species normally occupies a niche.
60
Terrestrial Biomes
61
Definition The Biomes of the land areas of the earth
62
Abiotic Factors Average annual temperature
Annual temperature ranges from high to low Intensity and duration of solar radiation Annual precipitation These factors make up the climate of a region The earth is divided into climate zones: North and South of the equator, by elevation
63
Types of Terrestrial Biomes:
Tundra Taiga Temperate Deciduous Forest Grassland Desert Tropical Rain Forest
64
Tundra Climate: Vegetation: Long and very cold winters
Short growing season Vegetation: Lichens Mosses Grasses Sedges Shrubs
65
Taiga Climate: Vegetation: Cold winters Lots of snow
Growing season: 4 months Vegetation: Coniferous trees (pines, firs, spruces)
66
Temperate Deicduous Forest
Climate: Cold winters Hot and humid summers abundant rainfall Vegetation: Deciduous forests of oak, maple, hickory, beech, chestnut,birch Trees Flower Plants Ferns Mosses
67
Grassland Climate: Vegetation: Temperate to tropical Moderate rainfall
Can not support trees Vegetation: Chiefly grasses and wildflowers
68
Desert Climate: Vegetation: Hot days, cool nights Very little rainfall
Can not support grass Vegetation: Sparse growth of flowing plans specifically adapted to require little water (cactus)
69
Tropical Rain Forest Climate: Vegetation:
High temperatures constant all year Frequent rainfall Very Humid Vegetation: Large broad-leaved trees Vines Epiphytes
72
Humans in the Biosphere
73
Negative Impacts Human population growth Over hunting
Importation of organisms Exploitation Poor land use management Adverse effects of technology
74
Human population growth
The increase in population growth has had a negative impact on the environment. The expansion of our living space has taken land from the other animals and organisms ecosystems. Increase in population leads to a higher demand of food. The need for large amounts of food has influenced the use of fertilizers. fertilizers can pollute the air, soil, and the water.
75
Over Hunting Over hunting leads directly to depletion of a species. Humans have an advantage over many animals, due to our technology we can over hunt most populations. Over hunting also affects other species that are predators/ prey to the hunted animal. The extinction of one animal can impact a whole community and therefore we have a loss in ____________________ The dodo bird went extinct in the mid to late 17th century. The Blue Whale is not extinct yet, but they are on the brink of extinction due to over hunting in the 1900s. Whales were used for their oil.
76
Importation of organisms
Transfer of organisms to low-competition regions caused increased reproduction and displaced other desirable species, potentially leading to disruption of the ecosystem. The Gypsy Moth, imported to the U.S. in the nine-teenth century for purposes of the sil industry, badly defoliated neighborhood trees. The Japanese beetle, a destructive beetle, was accidentally imported to the U.S. in the 1900s and is now a serious pest.
77
The Japanese Longhorn Beatle
78
Bed Bugs
79
Exploitation of Animals
The exploitation of animals is when animals are hunted or used for purposes other than a food source. Animals such as elephants are hunted for their tusks and bears in india are used for entertainment.
80
Deforestation is also an example of exploitation
Deforestation is also an example of exploitation. Trees are used for paper products. They also occupy space that humans can live on, trees are cut down to make more room for our industries and houses. The exploitation of animals and plants results in decrease in their population or extinction of the entire species.
81
Poor land use management
The overpopulation of humans and the abundance of buildings have affected various ecosystems as well as the nutrient content in the soil.
82
Adverse effects of technology
It has been said that cellphone signals confuses bees and can cause death. Adverse effects of technology With the increase in technological breakthroughs, there has been major changes in environmental conditions. one of them being water pollution. Water pollution and Thermal pollution harms the biotic communities in rivers, lakes, and oceans. Air pollution is caused mostly by cars and can result in smog and acid rain. Acid rain erodes buildings and sculptures, as well as kills trees and aquatic animals. The disposal of waste like cans, bottles, and plastics is a big problem because of the increase in waste and decrease in space. This problem can be fixed simply by reducing the amounts we uses, reusing the items we buy, and recycling the materials that are used to make them. if not disposed of correctly these wastes end up in the water and litterign the land. They get in the way of animals and interrupt their daily life; occasionally these wastes are the cause of death. pesticides and herbicides have a direct effect on insects and have caused negative changes in the soil and water. When the persticdes makes its way into the soil it so reaches the water system and taints it. This makes the water unsafe to drink and puts many animals including people in harms way.
85
Positive Aspects population control Conservation of resources
Pollution controls Species conservation Use of biological controls State environmental laws
86
Population Control In certain overpopulated regions, restrictions on the amount of children per family have been put in place. The One Child Policy in China limits each couple to having only one child.
87
Conservation of Resources
Conservation of soil is very important to the cultivation of food. It is necessary to rotate crops and create barriers so the soil does not erode or lose its nutrients. One way in which farmers return nutrients to the soil is through Slash and burn agriculture. the controlled burning of plants provides nutrients from the ashes for healthier soil. Like shrubs and other plants help prevent erosion on farms, doon help slow down the process of erosion on beaches. water is also another natural resource that needs to conserved. Fresh water is needed by everyone and everything to survive. The conservation of clean water is vital to survival of living things.
88
Use of biological controls
The use of natural means of pest control can eliminate unwanted pests as well as preserve the environment.
89
Species Preservation Development of wildlife refuges and national parks has helped bring back endangered species of animals and preserve their existence.
90
State environmental protection controls
The Clean Air Act (1970): a federal law that regulates the level of air admissions. This gives the EPA the athority to establish National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) to protect public health. Clean Water act (1972): Gave the Epa the authority to regulate the pollution released into the water in the United States. The Endangered Animal Act (1973): provides a program o help conserve plants, animals, and habitats. This gives the Epa authority to remove threatened animals for protection.
