1. Standards!
SS7H1 The student will analyze continuity and change in Africa leading to the 21st century.
Explain how the European partitioning across Africa contributed to conflict, civil war, and artificial political boundaries.
Explain how nationalism led to independence in South Africa, Kenya and Nigeria.
Explain the creation and end of apartheid in South Africa and the roles of Nelson Mandela and F.W. de Klerk
Explain the impact of the Pan-African movement.

3. Independence Pan Africanism Nationalism
The common bond shared by people of African descent
Africans around the world should work together to achieve independence
You Tube video clip
Black leaders from around the world met in England in 1945 (Pan-African Congress)
Some of these leaders later became president of their newly independent African country (ex. Jomo Kenyatta in Kenya and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana)
Nationalism
The idea that people can rule themselves
Gained strength after WWII
Helped some African countries gain their independence
England, 1945

4. Nigeria Independence – 1960
Former British colony—gained independence through political moves rather than violence
After independence:
Tension among ethnic groups (250) made independence difficult
Civil War with Biafra (East Nigeria) over control of oil
Rule by military leaders resulted in multiple coups in the 60s, 70s, 80s,and 90s.

5. Sir Abubakar Balewa Was born a commoner
Became a teacher and headmaster
Earned a teacher’s certificate in history in London
Became the first prime minister of Nigeria in 1957
Helped to achieve independence in Nigeria peacefully and create the Organization of African Unity (OAU)
Was killed in 1966 during a military coup

6. Kenya Independence - 1963 Former British Colony
Violent uprising in the 50s led to deaths of thousands of black Kenyans
Jomo Kenyatta
Organizer of Pan African Congress
Father of modern Kenya
Peacefully led fight against British
President 1964 to 1978
Led Kenya to be a relatively stable, democratic government but held many political prisoners

7. Jomo Kenyatta Spent much of his childhood around Europeans
Imprisoned for “managing” the Mau Mau—6 yrs. hard labor
Elected as Kenya’s first president in 1964 (prime minister in 1963)
Chosen in part b/c of his lack of ethnic bias
Believed in capitalism
Harambee—let’s all pull together

8. Apartheid – South Africa
A Nation of Apartheid
Apartheid – Legal racial segregation and non-white discrimination
Became official policy in 1948
Rights for non-whites were limited
Blacks forced to live in separate areas
Whites had better jobs, better education, better medical care, etc.
Video clip

9. Seas of cardboard and corrugated iron, South Africa's townships are a grim legacy of apartheid relocation programs. Cape Town's Philippi Township, pictured here, has swollen in recent years with refugees fleeing poverty and war in Somalia, Angola, and Mozambique. Often called "informal communities," the townships are cheap and largely unregulated, making them attractive to refugees. One of South Africa's fastest growing cities, Cape Town is also one of the most violent, with gangsters controlling large portions of the townships.

10. African National Congress
Began in 1912 (two years after independence)
Black African nationalists who opposed apartheid
Became aggressive group, often used violence
Nelson Mandela became ANC leader, but was jailed for 27 years for his opposition
Mandela, 1951

11. II. End of Apartheid South Africa pressured to end apartheid
In 1985, U.S. and Great Britain called for –sanctions against S. Africa (cut off trade).
Violence in South Africa increased
Video Clip
B. F.W. de Klerk
White South African who opposed apartheid
Elected president in 1989
Helped repeal apartheid laws
Released political prisoners like Mandela from prison. (Video clip 2/2/90)
Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993

12. End of Apartheid (con’t)
C. Nelson Mandela
Non-violent leader of the ANC
Gained popularity while in prison
Released from prison in 1990
Won Nobel Peace Prize in 1993
Elected as South Africa’s first black president in 1994 at the age of 75
YouTube video clip (4/18/94)
Mandela on Oprah