1. Chapter 14 “To Punish or to Forgive”
The North and The South
after the Civil War

2. Civil War Reminders
Rebels = Confederates/ Southern States who seceded the Union
Union= Northern States
Civil War fought to preserve the Union
General Lee(Confederate) surrendered to General Grant(Union) at Appomattox

3. The South – After the Civil War
250,000 Southerners died in the war
Burned plantations, broken bridges, twisted railways
The South was a wasteland
The north needed to get the South back into working order (Crops planted, factories built, railroads running, and teachers and students into school)

6. The North called the Civil War – “The War of the Rebellion”
The South called it – “The War Between the States”
Lincoln had dilemma with what to do with the South
He thought the southern states could still run their own affairs, but that Confederate officials should be barred from office
Most Democrats and some Republicans agreed
Lincoln wanted the Union restored(Malice toward none), the Radical Republicans wanted revenge

7. “Radical Republicans”
Wanted to punish the South
Wanted freed slaves to receive fair treatment
Thought southern states had no right to govern themselves or be represented in Congress
Leaders of the “Radical Republicans”
- Thaddeus Stevens – Congressman from PA
- Charles Sumner – Senator from Mass-both fought for equal rights for blacks and both were bitter about the Southerners and wanted them punished.

8. Lincoln’s Plan for Reunion
Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction
Nickname – The 10% Plan
- Lincoln would pardon almost all southerners, even if they fought in the war
- They would have to take an oath to support the Constitution
- Lincoln would then recognize the state gov’t.
- The southern states must abolish slavery
- This would be enough if 10% of the voters in the 1860 presidential election took the oath of loyalty

9. Wade- Davis Plan(Radical Republicans Plan)
Many Republicans did not agree with Lincoln-weak
They wanted slower readmission into the Union
Under this plan, 50% of all white men would have to take the oath
There would then be an election for a convention to make a new constitution for each southern state
In order to vote in that election, each delegate had to take an ironclad oath – Promise for future loyalty
They also had to swear that they never held Confederate office or fought in the war (Most honestly couldn’t)

10. It would have been years before any Southern state could set up a majority government
The whole Civil War generation would have to be dead.
It passed congress, but Lincoln pocket –vetoed the Wade-Davis Bill
Pocket veto – Failure to sign a bill within 10 days of the adjournment of Congress
Not to upset Congress, Lincoln said that states could choose which plan to follow

11. Assassination of Lincoln
April 14, 1865 – Lincoln and his wife attended the play at Ford’s Theatre in Washington, D.C.
Lincoln was shot by an actor, John Wilkes Booth-
He believed slavery was the greatest thing that ever happened to human-kind.
He also blamed Lincoln for the South losing the Civil War
Lincoln became larger through death than life- he became a symbol for freedom.
Andrew Johnson (Lincoln’s VP) became the new President

12. Andrew Johnson Poor southerner from Tennessee He was a Democrat.
Distrusted by republicans.
Wanted to follow Lincoln’s Plan but HE would decide when Southern states rejoined
Johnson was unclear with the rules
Southerners had to abolish slavery but created Black Codes

14. *Black Codes Blacks could not vote could not marry whites
In some states, Blacks could only be witnesses in cases involving other blacks
Could only work in agriculture or domestic jobs.
Vagrancy laws were enacted
Vagrant – wandering person without a job

15. Freedmen’s Bureau Led by Thaddeus Stevens
Help war refugees restore southern farms and recently freed blacks
Handed out free meals
Treated many illnesses
Helped freedmen find jobs
Tried to protect freedmen against Black Codes
Built schools to help educate blacks
Johnson vetoed said it gave Congress power over the states. Congress overruled the veto

16. Civil Rights Bill Protect blacks in the South legally
Allowed federal government to intervene in a state’s affairs to protect rights of all U.S. citizens
Johnson vetoed the bill. He was an old states rights Democrat
Congress overrode the veto

17. Added Amendments 13th Amendment – Abolished slavery
14th Amendment – Blacks were made citizens
15th Amendment – Gave blacks the right to vote

18. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson
Congress and Pres. Johnson were both trying to defeat the other
They passed the Tenure of Office Act
- said the President could not dismiss any federal official without the consent of the Senate
Johnson then fired Sec. of War Edwin Stanton
Johnson wanted to test the Tenure of Office Act

19. The Constitution states that the president could not be removed except “on impeachment of, and conviction of treason, bribery, or other high crimes and misdemeanors.”
House of Representatives – Needs majority to vote for impeachment
After impeachment, a trial is held in the Senate
The Senate needs 2/3 of its members to oust the President
May 16, 1868 – 35 Senators voted “guilty,” 19 voted “not guilty”
Johnson survived being removed by 1 vote

20. Election of 1868 Republican – Ulysses S. Grant
Democrat – Horatio Seymour (Gov. of NY)
Winner – Grant
Grant got 650,000 votes from blacks– He would have lost without them

21. Southern State Conventions
The new governments in the South were made up of:
- “Scalawags” – White southerners
- “Carpet-baggers” – Northerners who had come to the South for political gain
- Blacks
These governments were corrupt
Spending led to higher taxes
People became sick of Radical Republican rule

22. Reconstruction Governments didn’t last long
Radical Republican governments could only stay in power only as long as blacks voted for them
Southern whites decided to make sure blacks did not vote
Ku Klux Klan – Organized by old Confederates in the South
- Threatened, beat, and murdered blacks in the South.
- Names secret - faces hidden.

23. Congress passed the Ku Klux Klan Acts to prevent hate organizations
Southern state governments (now made up of Confederates again) did little to protect the blacks
Didn’t want them to vote
Set up conditions in order to vote
A voter might have to read from the state or federal constitution and explain what it meant
He might have to be on record as a taxpayer

24. Many states had “grandfather clause” could vote if had an ancestor who could vote before 1867
restrictions tried to keep blacks only from voting, but they kept many poor, illiterate whites from voting

25. Election of 1872 Republican – Ulysses S. Grant
Democrat – Horace Greely
Winner – Grant was easily reelected

26. Scandals During the Grant Admin.
Credit Mobilier Scandal – Railroad scandal
- company was paid for work not done
“Salary Grab” – Congress voted for a pay increase for themselves, the Supreme Court, and the President
- Grant signed into law day before start of 2nd term
Whiskey Frauds – Whiskey distillers bribed Treasury officials donn’t have to pay whiskey tax

27. Election of 1876 Republican – Rutherford B. Hayes
Democrat – Samuel J. Tilden
Winner – Hayes
On election day: Tilden – 184 electoral votes (1 less than needed) Hayes had 165
There were disputed votes

28. To solve this problem, Congress created the commission of 15 – 5 Representatives, 5 Senators, and 5 Supreme Court Justices to determine which returns should be accepted
The Commission declared Hayes the winner,

29. Compromise of 1877
Both houses of Congress had to approve commission’s report
group of Southern Dems met with Hayes’s people to use this crisis to their advantage
An agreement was made

30. Southerners voted to accept the report
Southerners voted to accept the report. In return, Hayes would grant 4 favors:
- The last federal troops will leave the South
- At least 1 southerner will get a cabinet position
- Hayes would support spending for internal improvements in the South
- Hayes would give conservative Democrats part of the local patronage
Patronage – The distribution of government jobs to political supporters

31. The Divided South Racism
1896 – Plessy v. Ferguson – Supreme Court case that approved “separate but equal” facilities for whites and blacks
Rise of Jim Crow laws
Jim Crow laws required the segregation of blacks and whites
These laws undermined early attempts to treat blacks fairly because they provided southern officials with an excuse for keeping blacks in separate, inferior facilities