1. UNIT 8 EMOTI ONS AP PSYCHOLOG Y

2. WHAT IS AN EMOTION? Definition: What are these emotions?

3. THEORIES ON EMOTION James Lange Theory James-Lange Theory Emotions do NOT immediately follow perception of an event, but rather occur: You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. You notice these physiological changes and interpret them as your body's preparation for a fearful situation. You then experience fear.

4. THEORIES ON EMOTION Cannon - Bard Theory Cannon-Bard Theory Note: Cannon severed the neural connections to the cortex* of cats – cats when provoked STILL exhibited rage. - * Cerebral cortex identifies the emotion and sympathetic ns activates bodily changes at the same time. You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. At the same time as these physiological changes occur you also experience the emotion of fear.

5. THEORIES ON EMOTION Two - Factor Theory Schachter-Singer Theory (or Two-Factor Theory Experiencing emotion requires BOTH emotional arousal and cognitive label (perception, reasoning, memory) to understand the reason for arousal. You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens. Upon noticing this arousal you realize that is comes from the fact that you are walking down a dark alley by yourself. This behavior is dangerous and therefore you feel the emotion of fear.

6. THEORIES ON EMOTION Lazarus Theory Lazarus Theory In other words, you must first think about your situation before you can experience an emotion. You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and you think it may be a mugger so you begin to tremble, your heart beats faster, and your breathing deepens and at the same time experience fear.

7. PHYSIOLOGY OF EMOTIONS A.Controlled by the autonomic nervous system-> B.1. Activates the adrenal glands * located on top of kidneys * releases epinephrine, noradrenaline (stress) hormones *

8. PHYSIOLOGY CONTINUED -Parasympathetic neural center -The systems work together like a bike built for two! -Prolonged arousal STRESSES the body NEGATIVE EMOTIONS – right frontal lobe POSITIVE EMOTIONS – left frontal lobe Frontal lobe activity :

9. EXPRESSING EMOTIONS NON- VERBAL “Actions speak louder than words!” We are good at detecting nonverbal attraction and threats. Not great at detecting deceit. Introverts: Extroverts: Women: can express happy. Men: express anger easily SPECIFIC FACIAL EXPRESSIONS reveal volumes i.e. Postures, gestures. Eyebrows raised= fear, authentic smiles more brief and fade less abruptly than fake ones. Real ones engage more facial muscles ACTIVITY: Five-second touch can convey specific emotions

10. EFFECTS ON OTHERS EFFECTS of OUR EMOTIONS on OTHERS a. Even if you are NOT in a particular frame of mind, if you use the facial muscles/postures to go along with a particular mood, the RESULT IS THAT MOOD. b. Seems to trigger signals to autonomic nervous system = triggers reaction of the body i.e. Laugh/cry at movies! Can you detect a real smile? http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/huma nbody/mind/surveys/smiles/ FACIAL FEEDBACK EFFECT. You are walking down a dark alley late at night. You hear footsteps behind you and your eyes widen, your teeth clench and your brain interprets these facial changes as the expression of fear. Therefore you experience the emotion of fear.

11. EXPERIENCING EMOTIONS A.Activity: AIM/SCORING SHEET B.How many emotions are there? 1.Izard – 10 emotions with subcategories under each. 2.Have to experienced one to know the reverse….. Happy/sad 3.Three main categories:

12. FEAR & ANGER FEAR Can be helpful = Can be harmful = Most are learned through observation = Mr. Bandura 2. Only humans seem biologically prepared for is the fear of cliffs (falling) 3.AMYGDALA : 3.Some people become chronically anxious = anxiety disorders ANGER What is catharsis? i.e. Evelyn-Friend Green Tomatoes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=- b9Z3MYo2M0 Fist through door ONLY WORKS IF YOU DON’T FEEL GUILTY AFTERWARDS Best way to deal: walk away, vent to friend, exercise When people feel isolated from family/friends, anger hard to vent. ABUSE is rare in tribal communities – dependent on each other

13. HAPPINESS MOOD affects everything we do! 1.Feel good/do good philosophy: offering of courses in college 2.Emotional ups/downs tend to balance out EXCEPTION: death of loved one, trauma 3.People tend to bounce back pretty quickly 4.Predictors of happiness High self-esteem Optimistic Outgoing Close friendships Satisfying marriage Like their work Have hobbies Religious faith Get exercise ALL OF THESE… GENETIC HAPPINESS SET POINT

14. HAPPINESS According to the Gallup-Health Well-Being Index, the happiest person in America is a tall, Asian-American male 65 or older, a resident of Hawaii who's married with children, religious (observant Jews score highest), owns a business and earns more than $120,000 a year.Well-Being Index Well, they found him. His name is Alvin Wong. http://abcnews.go.com/Health/happiest-person- america-hawaiian-alvin-wong-fits- gallup/story?id=13087258

15. AROUSAL & PERFORMANCE Yerkes-Dodson Law Aka Arousal Performance Theory - A certain amount of anxiety can enhance performance; too much can impair it.

16. QUICK LOOK AT SOCIAL MOTIVATION Belonging: -Social bonds & cooperation led to survival of our ancestors. -We spend a great deal of time thinking about actual & hopeful relationships -To gain acceptance, we generally conform to group standards -Feelings of love activate brain reward & safety centers -We all feel anxiety, loneliness, and jealousy when something threatens or dissolves our social ties Feeling Shut Out: -Being shunned threatens one’s need to belong -To experience ostracism is to feel true pain- elicits activity in brain areas that also activate response to real physical pain

17. CONNECTING & SOCIAL MEDIA -What do you think? -Have social networking sites made us more, or less, socially isolated? -Does it stimulate healthy disclosure? -Do social networking profiles and posts reflect people’s actual personalities? -Does it promote narcissism?