1. Chapter 12 Emotions, Stress, and Health

2. Emotions Emotions are defined as a response of the whole organism including: 1.Physiological arousal (functions, bodily processes, activities of an organism) - Heart pounding 2.Expressive behaviors ( body language) - Quickened pace (Thoughts going through your mind at the time) 3.Conscious experience (Thoughts going through your mind at the time) - Is this a kidnapping?

3. Controversies in Emotions: 1.Does your physiological arousal precede or follow your emotional experience? 2. Does cognition always precede emotion?

4. Theories of Emotion James Lange TheoryJames Lange Theory Cannon Bard TheoryCannon Bard Theory Schachter two-factor theory (sometimes called Schachter-Singer)Schachter two-factor theory (sometimes called Schachter-Singer)

5. James Lange Theory Our experience of emotion is our awareness of our physiological responses to emotional arousing stimuli. Stimulus  arousal  Emotion Angry dog coming at you  heart pounds  Fear

6. James Lange Theory According to James-Lange theory, we don’t just smile because we share our teammates joy. We also share the joy because we are smiling with them.

7. Cannon Bard Theory Physiological arousal and our emotional experience occur together. An emotion arousing stimulus simultaneously triggers 1. Physiological response 2. Subjective experience of emotion

8. Cannon Bard Theory

9. Schachter Two Factor Theory To experience emotion, one must be: 1. Physically aroused 2. Cognitively label the arousal

10. ` I’m Scared! FEAR ( The emotion) (Cognitive Label) (Arousal)

12. Emotions and the autonomic nervous system The autonomic nervous system controls arousal.The autonomic nervous system controls arousal. The sympathetic division mobilized us for action by directing adrenals to release stress hormones, which then increase the heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels and trigger other defensive physical reactions.The sympathetic division mobilized us for action by directing adrenals to release stress hormones, which then increase the heart rate, blood pressure and blood sugar levels and trigger other defensive physical reactions. The parasympathetic division calms us after a crisis has taken place.The parasympathetic division calms us after a crisis has taken place.

13. Arousal and Performance Arousal is adaptive. The level of arousal for optimal performance varies for different tasks. With easily learned tasks, peak performance comes with relatively high arousal.

15. Physiological Similarities among specific emotions When he experience fear, anger and sexual arousal, we show the same physiological arousal signs. Our facial expressions do however, range for each expression.

16. Physiological Differences among specific emotions Individuals watching fearful faces show more activity in the amygalda area compared to those with angry faces.Individuals watching fearful faces show more activity in the amygalda area compared to those with angry faces. The right prefrontal cortex seems to express negative emotionsThe right prefrontal cortex seems to express negative emotions The left frontal lobe is responsible for positive moodsThe left frontal lobe is responsible for positive moods The left frontal lobe has a supply of dopamine receptors.The left frontal lobe has a supply of dopamine receptors. The nucleus accumbens is a neural pathway that increases dopamine levels.The nucleus accumbens is a neural pathway that increases dopamine levels. Experienced emotions also require cognition.Experienced emotions also require cognition.

17. The physiology of specific emotions Fear and joy both increase heart rate but prompt different facial muscles to moveFear and joy both increase heart rate but prompt different facial muscles to move People with positive emotions show more activity in the left frontal lobe than in the right (left frontal lobe has more dopamine in it.)People with positive emotions show more activity in the left frontal lobe than in the right (left frontal lobe has more dopamine in it.)

18. Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Nervous System Sympathetic Division Parasympathetic Division

19. In 1966, a young man named Charles Whitman killed his wife and mother and then climbed to the top of a tower at the University of Texas and shot 38 people. An autopsy later reveled a tumor pressing against his amygdala, which may have contributed to his violence

20. Lie Detection Polygraph Polygraph- lie detector measures changes in: breathing cardiovascular activity perspiration

22. Lie Detection 25% of guilty people are judged innocent by lie detectors 35% of innocent people are judged guilty by lie detectors

23. An FMRI scan identified two brain areas that become Especially active when a participant lied about holding A five of clubs.

25. Cognition and Emotion The spillover effect takes place when our arousal from one event influences our response to other events.The spillover effect takes place when our arousal from one event influences our response to other events. Emotional arousal is sometimes general enough to require us to define the emotion we are experiencing.Emotional arousal is sometimes general enough to require us to define the emotion we are experiencing. Arousal can also fuel emotion, cognition channels it.Arousal can also fuel emotion, cognition channels it. The spillover effect; Arousal from a soccer match can fuel anger, which can descend into rioting or other violent confrontations

26. Cognition does not always precede emotion Emotional responses are immediate when sensory input goes directly to the amygdala through the thalamus, passing the cortex. It then triggers a rapid reaction that is outside of our conscious awareness Responses to simple emotions need interpretation and are slower The amygalda sends more neural projections up to the cortex then it receives.

27. Cognition does not always precede emotion Zajonc and LeDoux revealed that some emotional responses do not require conscious thinking. Such responses are difficult to alter by changing our thinking. Moods and depression and other complex feelings are greatly affected by our interpretation, memories and expectations. Learning to more positively about ourselves and the world around us helps us feel better.

28. In the two tracked brain, sensory input may be routed a) directly to the amygdala(via the thalamus) for an instant emotional reaction or b) to the cortex for analysis.

29. The brain’s sensitivity to threats: Even when fearful eyes (left) were flashed too briefly for people to consciously perceive them, fMRI scans revealed that their hyper-vigilant amygdala was alerted. The happy eyes on the right did not have this effect.

30. Nonverbal communication Most people can detect nonverbal cuesMost people can detect nonverbal cues We are very sensitive to nonverbal threats.We are very sensitive to nonverbal threats. Experience allows our sensitivity to these cues, this is shown by studies of abused children.Experience allows our sensitivity to these cues, this is shown by studies of abused children.

31. Gender, Emotion, and Nonverbal behavior Men are known to express less complex emotions than women.Men are known to express less complex emotions than women. Women are also better at decoding other’s emotional states.Women are also better at decoding other’s emotional states. Women were more open to their feeling than men.Women were more open to their feeling than men. Women were also more likely to be described as empathetic than men.Women were also more likely to be described as empathetic than men. Women are more likely to convey happiness while men are more likely to express anger.Women are more likely to convey happiness while men are more likely to express anger.

32. Angry= Male When Vaughn Becker and his colleagues (2007) Manipulated a gender neutral face, people were more likely to See it as a male when they gave it an angry expression. What Gender are these faces? AB

33. Detecting and Computing Emotion Facial muscles reveal signs of emotion.Facial muscles reveal signs of emotion. Most of us have difficulty detecting expressions of deceitMost of us have difficulty detecting expressions of deceit A silent language of emotion- Hindu classic dance uses the face and body to effectively convey 10 different emotions.