Pregnancy

Fertilization: ovum and sperm meet

Fetal Development Stages Zygote Stage – Fertilized ovum sperm meets egg (about two weeks)

Embryo Stage – (six weeks long) All major body systems begin to develop: central nervous system, blood vessels, stomach, heart, eyes, lungs, arms, legs, hands, feet

Fetus Stage – (7 months long) Grow and matures Body, head, arms, legs grow rapidly Organs develop for blood circulation, breathing and digestion Nerves and muscles develop Heart pumps blood through veins and arteries

Amniotic sac – pouch filled with amniotic fluid that houses the growing baby Amniotic fluid - cushions the embryo and contains genetic info

Baby delivered without sac breaking

Ultrasound/Sonogram Ultrasound: High frequency sound waves to scan a women’s abdomen during pregnancy Sonogram: picture taken

Testing Gender testing – ultrasound

Placenta – “afterbirth” tissues that connect the umbilical cord of embryo or fetus to the uterine wall, extracts and filters oxygen, water, and food from mother to embryo/fetus

Umbilical cord – transports nutrients and oxygen from the mother’s bloodstream to the embryo/fetus, connects placenta to baby

After cord is cut

Full term : 36 weeks – 40 weeks Premature: before weeks

Types of Birth Natural : baby is delivered vaginally Cesarean section – procedure where the baby is surgically removed from the mother’s uterus Breech: - when the baby is delivered feet/backside first

Epidural: spinal block for pain management Episiotomy: surgical cut in the vaginal/anal (perineum) region to increase the size of the vaginal opening to make delivery easier

Miscarriage – natural ending of a pregnancy before a baby has developed enough to survive on its own (mostly during first trimester) Stillbirth – fully developed baby that is born dead caused by a defect in the baby or mother

Amniocentesis Procedure where fluid is removed by a needle from the amniotic sac and sent to a lab for evaluation of fetal lung maturity and birth defects

Blood/urine glucose test Blood test 1. Take blood 2. Drink 3. Take blood Detects gestational diabetes in time to prevent fetal damage caused by abnormal blood glucose concentration during development

Rh incompatibility = mismatch between the blood of a pregnant female and the blood of the developing baby Each person’s blood is one of four major types: A, B, AB, or O. The Rh factor is a type of protein on the surface of red blood cells. Most people who have the Rh factor are Rh-positive. Those who do not have the Rh factor are Rh-negative The female’s blood attacks the developing baby’s blood Is treated by an injection Rh negative mother, Rh positve baby Reasons for crossing blood Amniocentesis Miscarriage Bleeding during pregnancy Giving birth Can cause serious defects, brain damage, and even death of unborn baby and next baby

Am I pregnant? Delay of Menstruation During entire pregnancy, excessive weight gain or loss, fatigue, hormonal problems, tension, stress, going off the birth control pill or breast feeding. Nausea and vomiting weeks after conception Tender or swollen breasts weeks after conception Hormonal imbalance, birth control pills, impending menstruation. Feeling exhausted or "sleepy“ weeks after conception and later in pregnancy Backaches During entire pregnancy a variety of back problems and physical or mental strains.

Frequent headaches Sometimes during entire pregnancy. Dehydration, caffeine withdrawal, eye strain, high blood pressure and other ailments. Food cravings During entire pregnancy, poor diet, stress, depression and impending menstruation. Darkening of areola (breast nipple) First signs weeks after conception and then throughout pregnancy. Fetal movements week after conception Gas, lower gastrointestinal bowl contractions. Frequent urination weeks after conception Fetal heart beat weeks and then throughout entire pregnancy.

Complications of Pregnancy Ectopic Pregnancy = pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus Embryo has to be removed by surgery

Identical twins X egg fertilized by Y sperm then splits = identical male twins X egg fertilized by X sperm then splits = identical female twins

Fraternal Twins If there are two eggs with egg 1 fertilized by Y and egg 2 fertilized by Y = fraternal male twins (same for X = female fraternal twins) If there are two eggs with egg 1 fertilized by Y = male twin and egg 2 fertilized by X = female twin fraternal

Siamese twins Identical twins who remain joined