1. Pregnancy & Early Development Chapter 18 (pp. 443-450)
Objectives:
Describe how a human life begins
Summarize how a baby develops during the three trimesters of pregnancy
Identify five things a couple can do to stay healthy before and during pregnancy
Summarize four problems that can occur during pregnancy
Describe the stages of childbirth
List three changes that occur during early child development

2. Do Now
Why do you think genes are so important in the development of a fetus?
What factors should a couple consider before they decide to have children?

3. Fertilization (conception)
The joining of the sperm and egg in the fallopian tube

4. Zygote
A one-celled fertilized egg
Image (2h after fertilization)

5. Blastocyst
The dividing mass of cells of the fertilized egg before implantation

6. Implantation
The fertilized egg attaches itself to the uterus

8. Embryo
A developing human from fertilization through the first 8 weeks of development
In the seventh week, the embryo has both male and female primordial ducts
x chromosome = female structures
y chromosome = male organs (hormonal switch happens)

9. Placenta
Mother’s Circulation
Oxygen
Drugs, Alcohol
Nutrients
Immunities
Viruses
Hormones
Fetus’ Circulation
Wastes
Carbon Dioxide
An organ that will form during pregnancy to nourish the developing embryo and fetus
It comes out after birth

10. Umbilical Cord
Anything in the mother’s blood can enter the baby’s blood through the umbilical cord, by way of the placenta
A cord that connects the developing baby to the placenta

11. Amniotic Sac
A sac filled with fluid (Amniotic Fluid) which protects the baby during pregnancy

12. Trimesters of Pregnancy

13. Stages of Development
Click on the following links to learn about fetal development:

14. First Trimester (months 1-3)
Fourth week:
heart starts beating
Arm and leg buds appear
Eyes and brain begin to develop
Size of a BB pellet

15. Second Trimester (months 4-6)
The mother can feel the fetus move or “kick”
Reproductive organs can be recognized as male or female
Fetus can hear and recognize voices
Hair forms on the body
Head and facial features become apparent
Fingers and toes grow nails

16. Third Trimester (months 7-9)
Fetus gains most of its weight
Brain develops further
All other organs are almost complete
Fetus can grasp with his or her hands
Fetus’ nervous system will continue to develop after birth

17. Keeping Healthy Before and During Pregnancy
Avoid alcohol and other drugs, and exposure to cigarette smoke
Maintain a nutritious diet and eat regular meals
Take prenatal vitamins
Get regular, moderate levels of exercise
Have regular checkups with a healthcare provider

18. Problems During Pregnancy
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
Miscarriage (death before 20th week)
Ectopic pregnancy
Toxemia
Gestational diabetes
Rh incompatibility
Premature birth (delivery before 38th week)

19. Ectopic Pregnancy
When a fertilized egg implants anywhere but in the uterus, usually in the fallopian tube
This is dangerous and must be removed

20. Miscarriage Also known as a Spontaneous Abortion
When a pregnancy will end by itself, usually during the first three months

21. Abortion
When a pregnancy is terminated on purpose

22. 1. Labor (dilation) 2. Expulsion 3. Afterbirth (placental)
Childbirth
1. Labor (dilation)
2. Expulsion
3. Afterbirth (placental)

24. Labor
Begins with contractions and ends when the cervix is completely dilated
The longest stage of childbirth

25. Cervix dilating 0-10 cm

26. Cervix fully dilated @ 10 cm

27. Head appears after full dilation of cervix

28. Expulsion Passage of the baby through the birth canal
The baby is “expelled”
Ends when the umbilical cord is cut

29. Afterbirth Passage
A few minutes after the umbilical cord is cut, the mother delivers the placenta and the rest of the umbilical cord

30. Episiotomy
An incision made in the skin below the vagina to facilitate the passage of the baby through the vagina

31. Breech Birth
When a baby comes out anyway other than head first, usually feet first

32. Caesarian Section The surgical removal of the baby through the abdomen
Video: What to expect with a caesarian delivery

33. Multiple Births
Identical Twins
Fraternal Twins
Triplets
ETC.

34. Identical Twins Fertilized egg splits They will share one placenta
They will always be the same sex and are “identical”

36. Fraternal Twins Two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm
They will have their own placenta
They are not “Identical”

37. Epidural Anesthesia
Anesthesia given to a woman in her back for pain relief of labor and delivery.
Woman does not feel pain, but she and the baby are not drugged.

39. Closure
Describe the importance of prenatal care for keeping healthy before and during pregnancy.

40. Works Cited Textbook: Lifetime Health (2004)
Fetal Development Overview at
Mayo Foundation for Education research athttp://
www. Google images