The Unification of Italy and Germany Nationalism in Europe The Unification of Italy and Germany

The Unification of Italy The Roman Empire, Germans, Franks, Spanish, French, Spanish, French, Austrian Common Religion, Catholic- common written language, not spoken, common culture in the north/south- many factors working against Italy “Denial of their Imperial Heritage”- Congress of Vienna 1815- after which only Rome and Piedmont were ruled by Italians Revolts 1820’s-1830’s- Carbonari Very distinct lack of unity- aims, motivations, strength

Mazzini Philosophical leader of the Unification movement- often referred to as the Risorgimento (also the philosophical leader of nationalism in Europe Exiled, Young Italy (Romantic/Nationalist), Genoa 1834- Exile of Garibaldi 1848 rebellions throughout Italy 1848 Rebellion in Rome- Mazzini and Garibaldi- Republic of Rome 1848/1849- France Republican

1848 Florence, Rome and Venice- republic rebellions Piedmont- King Carlos Alberto- Constitution followed by an invasion of Austria- The First War of Italian Independence By 1849 all rebellions had been quelled by Austria- Reaction had won, Metternich resigns 3 different views regarding Italian Unity- Republic (Mazzini), Gioberti (Federal state ruled by the Pope), Camillo Cavour (Constitutional Monarchy under House of Savoy) Cavour and Garibaldi- not in collaboration- will succeed in unifying Italy along liberal lines

1861

Cavour 1848 revolutions were not all in vain- Piedmont 1849 Statuto Count Camillo Benso di Cavour PM of Piedmont-Sardinia 1852 “his immediate goal was to unify northern Italy under the leadership of Piedmont”- James Christopher- debatable! The Crimean War 1854- 1856- Congress of Paris Problem for historians- Cavour wrote no memoirs, died just as Italy was 99% unified and wrote letters that are contradictory depending on who he was writing them to

Cavour 1858 post Congress of Paris- secret alliance with Napoleon III (Plombieres Pact post Orsini Plot) France would support Piedmont against Austria, Austria is provoked and war is declared The War of 1859- ends quick with Napoleon stopping the war with a deal with Austria (Villafranca)- Piedmont receives Lombardy Domestically the war led to uprisings against the Austrians in Parma, Modena, Tuscany and Romangna- plebiscites to be annexed by Piedmont By 1860- The Kingdom of Northern Italy is proclaimed- Cavour is happy? Satiated? There is still the issue of Rome, Venice and the South

Garibaldi Mazzinian convert, soldier, revolutionary, dictator and unifier 1834 uprising in Genoa, Uruguayan Independence 1834- 1846, returns to Italy 1848 and helps Mazzini in the Roman Republic, flees to America Blames Mazzini for Rome’s collapse, escapes to America (becomes a candle maker on Staten Island), travels to Central America, then the Pacific, than England (where he is a bit of a celebrity), then in 1854 returns to Italy and receives his brothers inheritance and buys the island of Caprera . Controls his own military unit in the war of 1859, very successful and then is very angry with Cavour- part of the deal with Napoleon was the ceding of Nice to France

Garibaldi 1860 organizes his own personal army- The Thousand or the Thousand Red Shirts– sails to Sicily, conquers it and then invades Southern Italy Cavour- did he help? Did he know? Was he mad? Garibaldi is ridiculously successful and even invades Naples and begins to head north- Cavour is forced to act- What would Garibaldi do? Would the people of northern Italy join under his banner? Garibaldi stated he was loyal to Victor Emmanual of Piedmont…hmmm… Cavour invades the Papal states to “protect them from Garibaldi”- Victor Emmanuel meets Garibaldi just outside Naples- Garibaldi hands over Southern Italy to him- 1861 Italy has been united! Well…minus Rome (still ruled by French troops and the Pope and Venetia)

Consolidation 1866 Austro-Prussian War (Italy allies with Prussia)- as a reward Italy receives Venetia- getting close! 1870 Franco-Prussian War- Prussian attacks France, France calls its army back from Rome- Victor Emmanuel marches his troops into Rome- Italy is united! Where historians debate? How united exactly?, what are the social ramifications? Did Cavour plan this? Could Italy have been united without Cavour or without Garibaldi? What was the role of Austria and France? What was Victor Emmanuel’s role? Did Piedmont impose its rule over Italy (particularly the south)?

Source Analysis- OPCVL A.J. Whyte, The Political Life and Letters of Cavour, 1848- 1861 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1930), p. 222 “We have gained two things: first, that the anomalous and unhappy condition of Italy has been proclaimed to Europe, not by demagogues or revolutionaries, excited journalists or party men, but by the representatives of the greatest nations in Europe…The second is that these same powers have declared that, not only in the interests of Italy herself, but in the interests of Europe, a remedy must be found for the evils from which Italy is suffering.” Public proclamation to the government in Piedmont 1856