1. “Under a Native Prince”
Unification of Italy
“Under a Native Prince”

2. Factors Hindering Unification
Must unify 9 separate Italian states
Geographic division (North and South very different)
High rate of poverty and illiteracy
Opposition to unification from Austria, France and the Pope
Congress of Vienna gave Austria and France much power in Italy
How to unify (Republic, Const. Monarchy, or Federation under the Pope???)

3. Hindered by multiple states and Austria

4. 3 leaders of Italian Unification
Mazzini “The Soul”
Garibaldi --- “The Sword”
Cavour ---- “The Brain”

5. Mazzini “The Soul” Revolutionary republican
founder of Young Italy (nationalist group)
Inspiration for unification - lays the groundwork of Nationalism

6. Garibaldi Red Shirts “The Sword” revolutionary republican
mercenary in South America
Red Shirts
(volunteers who helped Garibaldi)

7. Symbol of the Red Shirts

8. Kingdom of Piedmont/Sardinia
Kingdom had a monarchy
Victor Immanuel II - a native prince
Count Cavour
“The Brain”
becomes prime minister of Sardinia; builds up Sardinia economically

9. Steps in unification - all orchestrated by the Brain!!!
1) Cavour makes an alliance with France against Austria
France’s Napoleon III agrees to help them in war against Austria. Napoleon does not favor Italian unification but hopes to weaken Austria
Sardinia hopes to get Lombardy & Venetia
France would get Nice & Savoy from Sardinia

10. 2) Sardinia gains Lombardy, but not Venetia because France backs out (but still wants payment from Sardinia) by signing Treaty of Villa Franca with Austria
3) other northern Italian states revolt against their rulers - vote to join with Sardinia - so Northern Italy united under Sardinia

11. 4) Garibaldi (paid by Cavour) liberates Kingdom of Two Sicilies from foreign ruler; marches north with his 1000 Red Shirts

12. 5) Cavour convinces Garibaldi to give Sicilies to a United Italy under Victor Emmanuel II - unites northern & southern Italy

13. Victor Immanuel II
Garibaldi

14. What’s left to unite?? Venetia & Papal State of Rome

15. 6) Venetia added in 1866 when Prussia defeats Austria (NOTE: tie in w/ German Unification wars)

16. 7) Rome added in 1870-71 when France withdraws troops from Rome because of Franco-Prussian War

17. Rome made Capital of New Italian Nation-State

18. But Pope objects: Vatican separate

19. Problems after Unification
Weak economy but high taxes
Mafia forms due to corruption in govt.
No experience with democracy
Pope forbids Catholic participation in govt.
Alliance with Germany
Multiple political parties
Unstable govt. leads to mass emigration
Scramble for colonies for prestige (Imperialism)