1. Revolutions of 1848 in the Italian States
By Nehal Hussein and Sarah Temraz

2. The Italian Peninsula Divided into 5 regions
Austria: Lombardy and Venetia
Italian monarch (Victor Emmanuel): Sardinia and Piedmont
Tuscany, with Florence as its capital, and several smaller states
Papacy: Central Italy and Rome
Bourbons: Naples and Sicily

4. Goals of the Revolution
Main goal: a unified Italian nation
Get rid of foreign rule
Expel Austrian rule from Lombardy, Venetia, and Milan

5. 1st approach to the revolution
Giuseppe Mazzini: a radical program that preached a centralized and democratic republic based on universal male suffrage and the will of the people

6. 2nd approach to the revolution
Vincenzo Gioberti: Catholic priest who called for a federation of existing states under the presidency of a progressive pope

7. 3rd approach to the revolution
People who looked for leadership to the autocratic kingdom of Sardinia and Piedmont (Victor Emmanuel)

8. Count Camillo Benso di Cavour
Worked to consolidate Sardinia as a liberal constitutional state
Wanted Sardinia to led a unified Northern Italy

9. Reforms Done BY Cavour Program of highways and railroads
Civil liberties
Opposition of clerical privileges
Secret alliance with Napoleon III against Austria

10. Austria vs. Italy and France
Austrian attack
In 1858, Cavour managed to provoke Austria
Austria attacked Sardinia and Piedmont
Napoleon III rushed to help Cavour
Austria vs. Italy and France

11. Peace of Villafranca
Napoleon III criticized by Catholics for supporting the enemy of pope
France switches sides and joins Austria
Sardinia gains Lombardy only

12. Austria and France vs. Italy

13. Post War Fusion of Sardinia with Central and Northern Italian states
Nice and Savoy ceded to France to regain Napoleon III’s support

14. Giuseppe Garibaldi Son of a poor sailor
Personified the romantic, revolutionary nationalism and republicanism
Emerged as an independent force in Italian politics in 1860

15. Giuseppe Garibaldi
His plan of liberating the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies was supported by Cavour
Garibaldi and his Red Shirts captured Palermo and marched toward Naples
Prepared to capture Rome and the pope

16. Garibaldi vs. Cavour An attack on Rome would bring war with France
Cavour sent troops to intercept Garibaldi’s men
Garibaldi did not oppose Cavour and the people of the south voted to join Sardinia

17. Success of Revolution
The north and south are united under Victor Emmanuel
Italy became a parliamentary monarchy

18. Failure of the Revolution
Small minority of Italian males got to vote
A huge gap between the propertied class and the minority
Social and cultural gap between the industrial north and the agrarian south