IN THE NAME OF ALLAH Human body

Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomy –The study of the structure of the human body

Branches of anatomy –Microscopic anatomy (histology) –Surface anatomy –Developmental anatomy(Embryology ) –Gross anatomy –Radiographic anatomy

Gross Anatomy –Regional Anatomy –The study of specific areas of the body (Limb. Head and Neck, Trunk) –Systemic Anatomy Study of the specific organ systems

Systems Integumentary Nervous Skeletal Endocrine Muscular Cardiovascular Urinary Respiratory Reproductive Digestive

Microscopic Anatomy Involves studying anatomical structures that cannot be seen with the unaided eye 1. Cytology - cells 2. Histology - tissue

Organ Systems of the Body (1)

Organ Systems of the Body (2)

Organ Systems of the Body (3)

Anatomical position –Person stands erect with feet together and eyes forward –Palms face anteriorly with the thumbs pointed away from the body

Anatomical Position Hands at sides, palms forward

Body Planes Sagittal –Divides the body into right and left parts –midsagittal or medial – sagittal plane that lies on the midline Frontal or coronal –Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts Transverse or horizontal (cross section) – Divides the body into superior and inferior parts

Figure 1.8

Body Planes

1-20 Typical Sectional Views of the Body Sagittal Frontal Transverse

Banana Sectioned into Planes

Directional Terms Superior and inferior – toward and away from the head, respectively Anterior and posterior – toward the front and back of the body Medial, lateral, and intermediate – toward the midline, away from the midline, and between a more medial and lateral structure

Proximal and distal – closer to and farther from the origin of the body part Superficial and deep – toward and away from the body surface

Alternate Terms Ventral (= Anterior) Dorsal (= Posterior) Cranial – head Caudal – tail

Orientation and Directional Terms Table 1.1 (1 of 3)

supine Prone

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity Ventral cavity

Figure 1.8c

Body Cavities Dorsal cavity protects the nervous system, and is divided into two subdivisions –Cranial cavity – within the skull; encases the brain –Vertebral cavity – runs within the vertebral column; encases the spinal cord

Body Cavities and Membranes Ventral body cavity –Thoracic cavity – divided into three parts Two lateral parts each containing a lung surrounded by a pleural cavity Mediastinum – contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac

Body Cavities and Membranes –Abdominopelvic cavity – divided into two parts Abdominal cavity – contains the liver, stomach, kidneys, and other organs Pelvic cavity – contains the bladder, some reproductive organs, and rectum