Intro to Biological Oceanography Classification of organisms

Biodiversity The term Biodiversity refers to the variety of life in a given area. Because there is such great biodiversity on Earth, a formal system is used to classify or categorize each type of organism. We call this classification taxonomy

Taxonomy A taxonomist is a scientist who classifies organisms in an ordered system that indicates evolutionary relationships. Aristotle developed the first system of classification Carolus Linnaeus developed a formal system of naming organisms in two parts in Latin we use today http://creationsafaris.com/images/linnaeus.jpg

Taxonomy This is called binomial nomenclature. Both names are italicized. First word is capitalized, second word is lower case. Ex: Tursiops truncatus Common name: Bottlenose dolphin Genus Species

Binomial Nomenclature This naming system allows scientists across the planet to know which organism is which. While one culture may call a lion a lion, another culture may call it löwe. Across the planet, scientists can all use the same name Panthera leo. 

Taxonomy "Do keep piling chocolate on for goodness sakes.“ Domain Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Common name: Whale Shark Domain Eukarya Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Chondrichthyes Order Orectolobiformes Family Rhincodontidae Genus Rhincodon Species R. typus

Common name: By the wind sailor Example: Velella velella

3 Domains Eukarya – All eukaryotic organisms The only domain we will cover Archae – archaebacterial (extreme bacteria) Eubacteria – common bacteria

Animal Diversity 6 Kingdoms Animalia Plantae Fungi Protista Archae Bacteria

Multiple Phyla Divided into about 33 major groups Each Phylum represents a distinct body plan. The difference between phyla is much greater than the difference between species within an individual phylum. The vast majority of all animal species (over 95%) belong to “Big Nine”.

“The Big Nine” Chordata – has a notochord (precursor to backbone)

“The Big Nine” Echinodermata – spiny skin Ex: Sea star, urchins

“The Big Nine” Mollusca – soft body Ex: Octopus, squid, clams

“The Big Nine” Cnidaria – Stinging cells Ex: Jellyfish, corals, anemones

“The Big Nine” Arthropoda – Jointed Appendages Ex: crabs, lobster

“The Big Nine” Porifera – Assymetry Ex: Sea Sponge

“The Big Nine” Nematoda, Annelida, Platyhelminthe - Worms

Classification graphic organizer

Animal Diversity Out of all these phyla, only one is not represented in the ocean – the little velvet worm called onychphorans By contrast 14 of them are only found in the ocean. http://animais.culturamix.com/blog/wp-content/gallery/animais-em-extincao-onychophora/animais-em-extincao-onychophora-2.jpg

Animal Diversity The animal diversity in the ocean is much greater than it is on land….and…. Many new ocean species have yet to be discovered!!!

Animal Diversity – not in notes For example – In 1998 scientists discovered that what had previously been viewed as two species of commercially valuable deep-sea crabs was really 18 different species!! http://files.abovetopsecret.com/files/img/bt4f7530ba.jpg

Animal Diversity In 2001 a 23 foot squid was discovered. In 2003 a blood red, 2-3 foot long jelly fish with no tentacles was discovered. These are just examples of the ocean species being discovered all the time…. Many more are yet to be documented!! http://www.google.com/imgres?um=1&sa=X&hl=en&biw=1441&bih=710&tbm=isch&tbnid=OVh_iEBp_Hb7zM:&imgrefurl=http://thewere42.wordpress.com/category/biology/page/24/&docid=MeL2XsiMNpc4pM&imgurl=http://thewere42.files.wordpress.com/2009/12/091211-01-blood-red-jellyfish_big.jpg%253Fw%253D604&w=461&h=275&ei=YZ-4Uf6WEbjd4APeyYHYBg&zoom=1&ved=1t:3588,r:0,s:0,i:80&iact=rc&dur=213&page=1&tbnh=173&tbnw=291&start=0&ndsp=17&tx=193&ty=81

2014 Skeleton shrimp Walking Bamboo Shark Unusual marine species

The Underappreciated Multitudes (Back to notes) Animals seem to get most of the attention when we talk about diversity, but the ocean is full of plants, algae, bacteria, and protists that often get overlooked (the remaining 4 kingdoms). http://images.sciencedaily.com/2008/05/080515145350-large.jpg http://www.energyinsight.info/ocean_algae_biomass.jpg https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSQmSiEG1ZoaYttOV_c8j0ffbzvAdqhHZZxLkMIta9FwI6nLge5Og http://1.bp.blogspot.com/_C97NrIblNPQ/TTkTKJ2c_sI/AAAAAAAAB4M/Yhs0P6lbQiI/s320/diatom2.jpg

The Underappreciated Multitudes Microscopic primary producers (single celled algae) and other organisms capable of making their own energy are the foundation of most marine food webs. These organisms are able to make their own energy from sunlight or chemicals.

The Underappreciated Multitudes Organisms that can make their own food are called producers or autotrophs Organisms that use sunlight to make their own food undergo the process of photosynthesis Organisms that use chemicals to make their own food undergo the process of chemosynthesis