CHAPTER 29, SECTION 1 THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT BEGINS

JUDICIAL ORIGINS Post-Civil War Origins: – 1868: 14 th Amendment: Did What? Guarantees all U.S. citizens equal protection and/or treatment under the law – 1875: Civil Rights Act of 1875: Did what? Outlawed segregation in public facilities – 1883: Supreme Court declares 1875 Civil Rights Act Unconstitutional – 1896: PLESSY v. FERGUSON

JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Cont’d.) PLESSY v. FERGUSON: – Origin: 1890: Louisiana passes law requiring railroads to provide “separate but equal” accommodations for “colored” and white passengers. – 1896: Supreme Court decision: LA. State law does not violate the 14 th Amendment Origin of “separate but equal” justification for segregated public facilities, etc.

JUDICIAL ORIGINS (Cont’d.) Results? – Segregated facilities were not “equal” – State gov’ts., especially in South, begin passing Jim Crow laws Jim Crow: Laws specifically designed to place minorities at a disadvantage Examples? – Schools, Voting rights, housing, etc. – Large African-American migration to North during the WW I – WW II era

JIM CROW ERA LYNCHINGS

World War II & Civil Rights World War II impacts Civil Rights: Why? – FDR supported minority participation in war effort – Eleanor Roosevelt, FDR’s wife, supported Civil Rights – Wartime demands for troops, created new job opportunities for minorities, but not necessarily in the South – Truman Administration supports integration of the military (1948)

Civil Rights & The Supreme Court 20 th Century Origins: – 1909: N.A.A.C.P. founded: Define – 1938: NAACP prepares legal strategy to overturn standing court decisions: Describe: NAACP will present a series of cases that will slowly attack every aspect of legal / judicial discrimination Who? Thurgood Marshall is chosen to lead the effort (see bio., p.258)

Thurgood Marshall statue, Annapolis, MD

Brown v. Board of Education When? 1954 Where? TOPEKA, KANSAS (Why significant?) Who? – Plaintiffs: Brown family ; Thurgood Marshall represents – Defendants: Board of Education, Topeka – Presiding judge: Chief Justice Earl Warren – What is the importance of Warren Court participation? Issue: Why does Linda Brown have to attend a non- white public school? Decision: See quote, p. 858 – Segregation is unconstitutional

Marshall & fellow Lawyers celebrate Brown v. Bd. Of Ed. Decision, 1954

LITTLE ROCK Brown v. Board decision is not supported in many areas Problem – What if state gov’ts. / schools resist integration of public schools? – How will the U.S. Gov’t. enforce the Supreme Court’s decision? Problem realized: – When? 1957 – Where? Little Rock, Arkansas – Why? Little Rock city gov’t. had begun plans to desegregate public schools GOVERNOR ORVAL FAUBUS runs for re-election Faubus uses segregation as a platform to get votes Faubus refuses to allow 9 African-Amer. students to enroll at Little Rock Central HS Faubus uses Arkansas National Guard to prevent integration

Governor Orval Faubus, Arkansas, 1957

LITTLE ROCK (Cont’d.) Crisis: – Arkansas state gov’t. is violating Supreme Court decision – So What? – What if state is allowed to disregard Supreme Court decision? Result? – Pres. Dwight Eisenhower informs Faubus students must be allowed to enroll – Students known as the “LITTLE ROCK NINE” – Faubus refuses – Eisenhower sends U.S. Army (101 st Airborne Division) to ensure integration

U.S. Army Troops at Little Rock H.S., 1957

ROSA PARKS Who? Seamstress & NAACP officer Where? Montgomery, AL When? Dec., 1955 Issue: – Despite Brown decision, many states resisted the decision – Montgomery’s Af.-Amer. population made heavy use of public buses – Buses were still segregated Did What? – Refused to move to another seat when ordered to by bus driver So What? – Public challenge to segregation& Jim Crow laws

ROSA PARKS (Cont’d.) Parks arrested NAACP arranges boycott of city buses Protest movement develops; led by members of the Af.-Am. Religious community – Who? REV. MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR. leads movement – Why him? Speaking ability, charisma Montgomery bus boycott: – 381 days – Success Result? 1956: Supreme Court outlaws bus segregation

PROTEST MOVEMENTS DEVELOP Success of Montgomery bus boycott: – Puts MLK in forefront of protest movement – Proves NAACP organizing methods work – Proves nonviolence can be successful protest method Where does NAACP get idea to use nonviolence? – Various historical figures – Examples? Jesus, Gandhi, etc. Why nonviolence?

S.C.L.C. and the S.N.C.C. S.C.L.C. - Define: – Southern Christian Leadership Conference – Led by MLK – Organize public protests & train organization activists S.N.C.C. (otherwise known as “Snick”) Primary protest movement: – “SIT-INS”: Define: Refusal to leave lunch counters in public restaurants until served or arrested – Results? Widespread violence against protesters Widespread arrests Media coverage of protest movement increases So what?

S.C.L.C. Logo, 1955