1. Segregation and Civil Right Movement

2. Chapter 21, Section 1

3. Jim Crow Laws - separate white and black people
By the turn of the 20th century, many southern states adopted legal policies of racial discrimination
Voting Restrictions
Poll tax
Grandfather clause
Jim Crow Laws - separate white and black people
schools, hospitals, parks, transportation

4. The Supreme Court ruled in 1883, that the Fourteen Amendment could not be used to prevent private citizens from discrimination against others on the basis of race.

5. Plessy v Ferguson (1896)

6. Plessy vs. Ferguson
In 1892, Homer Plessy took a seat in a “whites only” car of a train and refused to move
He was arrested, tried and convicted for breaking Louisiana’s segregation law.
Plessy appealed, claiming he had been denied equal protection under the law.

7. The Court ruled that “separate-but-equal ” facilities for blacks and whites did not violate the Constitution

8. Racial etiquette to belittle and humiliate African Americans
No shaking hands
Yield side walks to whites
Remove hats for whites
Those who did not follow etiquette could be shot, burned, beating or hanged

9. By 1900, many African Americans moved to North cities for better paying jobs and social equity
Segregated neighborhoods
Discrimination in the workplace

10. Challenging Segregation in Court
NAACP fought to end segregation, beginning in 1909
Developed a strategy to focus largely on inequality of separate schools
10 times as much money on educating white children as black children

11. Thurgood Marshall led a team of NAACP lawyers
Won 29 out of 32 Supreme Court cases

12. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka
Supreme Court (1954) unanimously struck down segregation in schooling as an unconstitutional violation of the Fourteenth Amendment
Separate but equal is NOT EQUAL and therefore unconstitutional

13. Brown v. Board of Education made school segregation illegal

14. Schools were ordered to desegregate “with all deliberate speed”
Several states ignored the ruling
President Eisenhower was hesitant to enforce compliance

15. Reaction to Brown v. Board of Education

16. Crisis in Little Rock
In 1957, Arkansas Governor ordered the National Guard to turn away the “Little Rock Nine”
Little Rock Nine – Nine students who had volunteered to be the first students to integrate Little Rock Central High School

17. NAACP arranged for protection for 8 students
The 9th student, 15 year old Elizabeth Eckford, could not be reached
Faced an abusive crowd

18. Eisenhower sent soldiers to protect the Little Rock Nine
At the end of the year, Arkansas governor shut down Central High School

19. Civil Disobediance
Rosa Parks
Martin Luther King Jr.

20. Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks
Seamstress
NAACP officer
Sat in the front row of the “colored” section of a Montgomery bus
As the bus filled up, Rosa Parks refused to yield her seat to a white passenger and was arrested

21. Montgomery Bus Boycott
In response, many leaders in the community organized a bus boycott led by Martin Luther King Jr.
Blacks refused to ride the bus for 381 days
Car pools
Walking long distances
In 1956, Supreme Court outlawed bus segregation

23. Nonviolent resistance – peaceful refusal to obey unjust laws
Sit ins – Blacks sat down at segregated lunch counters and refused to leave until they were served
Arrests
Beatings
Suspension from college
Tear gas
Fire hoses

25. Freedom Riders

26. Integrating Ole Miss
James Meredith won federal court case to enroll in University of Mississippi
Meredith was met with resistant from Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett and Kennedy sent federal marshals to Mississippi
Barnett went on the radio
Caused riots
2 deaths
1,000 soldiers, 200 arrests, 15 hours to stop rioters

27. 20th century segregation
III. The Civil Rights movement

29. Challenging Segregation in Court
I. NAACP legal strategy
II. Brown vs. Board of Education
III. Resistance to school desegregation
IV. Crisis in Little Rock

30. Montgomery Bus Boycott
I. Rosa Parks
II. Martin Luther King, Jr.
III. Changing the world
IV. SCLC – nonviolent protest