1. Beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement
Section 1
Beginnings of the Civil Rights Movement

2. A. Separate but Unequal 1. In the North
a. African Americans could vote and had legal access to jobs and colleges.
b. They still faced prejudice in hiring and housing.
2. In the South
a. Segregation was a way of life.
b. Jim Crow laws enforced separation of races in schools and hospitals, public transportation, and in theatres and restaurants.

3. A. Separate but Unequal Plessy v. Ferguson
a. An 1896 court ruling that strengthened segregation.
b. Ruled that segregation was legal as long as “separate but equal” facilities were provided.
c. These facilities were rarely, if ever, equal.

4. 2. The NAACP
a. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
b. Founded by W.E.B. Du Bois and Jane Addams.
c. Eradicate race prejudice.
d. Challenged laws that prevented African Americans from exercising their full rights as citizens.

5. 3. Thurgood Marshall a. Head lawyer of the NAACP’s legal section.
b. Used knowledge of the Constitution to attack the foundations of segregation.
c. 14th Amendment, “equal protection of the laws.’
d. Integration – an end to racial segregation.

6. B. Barriers Begin to Crumble
1. Jackie Robinson
a. Former African American member of the Army.
b. Became the first African American Major League Baseball Player.
c. Paved the way for other Black athletes to compete in professional sports.

7. 2. Integrating the Military
a. President Truman proposed laws to protect civil rights.
b. He ordered the integration of all units of the armed forces.

8. C. Desegregating the Schools
1. Brown v. Board of Education
a. Linda Brown, an African American girl from Kansas, was not allowed to attend a school closer to her home because she was black.
b. Thurgood Marshall represented Brown in court.
c. He argued that segregation made equal education impossible.
d. The court overturned “separate but equal”, ordering all local schools to desegregate.

9. 3. Trouble in Little Rock
a. Arkansas governor Orval Faubus said “No school district will be forced to mix the races as long as I am governor.”
b. He called in the state’s National Guard to keep the nine black students out.
c. President Eisenhower sent federal troops to enforce the Supreme Court’s ruling.

10. D. The Montgomery Bus Boycott
1. Rosa Parks
a. An African American who was arrested after she refused to give up her bus seat to a white rider.
b. 70% of the city’s bus riders were African American.
c. Boycott – refuse to use.

11. 2. The Boycott Grows
a. Martin Luther King, Jr. lead the boycott, urging African Americans to continue until the bus segregation laws were no more.
b. King, along with others, were jailed.
c. 381 days later the Supreme Court ruled that segregation on buses was unconstitutional.