Biotic - living organisms of an ecosystem (bio- = life) – Plants – Animals – Fungi – Insects – …etc. Abiotic - nonliving components of an ecosystem (a- = without, bio- = life) – Water – Wind – Precipitation – Soil – …etc.

Organization of Ecosystem Population - all the individuals of the same species living in the same area. – Area = habitat – place where organism lives Community - all the populations living in a certain area. Ecosystem – all the biotic and abiotic parts of an area. Biome – well characterized type of ecosystem Biosphere - zone of the Earth that supports all life.

Interaction of individual and environment Can only live in a certain range of each environmental factor – Ex. Temperature, pH, salt, air content, type of diet etc. Graph showing the range which an individual can live in = Tolerance curve

Niche Role or job each species has in the ecosystem Sum of all the tolerance curves and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors – The ranges in which an organism can live for every abiotic factor – Interactions with other species

Populations of organisms Populations of a species in an area are limited in number. – By what? – Biotic Predation, competition, some disease, food – Abiotic Temperature, terrain, elevation, sunlight, water Limiting Factors – restrict organisms in certain environments. Affect numbers, distribution, reproduction, and even existence.

Populations Carrying capacity – based on limiting factors, the number of organisms in a population that the environment can support.

HonorsBiology-ville Limiting Factors? Carrying capacity?

Population Growth How do populations grow when there is a carrying capacity (there are limiting factors)? How would a wild animal population grow? Our HonorsBiology-ville population? What affects population growth – Birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration S-shaped curve – Logistic growth

Population Growth How would a population grow with no carrying capacity? No limiting factors? What kind of population is this the case for? – Human population, bacteria, cancer cells J-Shaped Curve – Exponential growth

Everything but humans and bacteria… Logistic growth – Isle Royale National Park – moose and wolves

Interactions with other species In what possible ways can two species interact? In what ways can two organisms interact? (relationships at community level) Competition Symbiosis – Mutualism – Commensalism – Parasitism Predation

Interactions with other species Competition – organisms who use the same resources compete for those resources - limited amount – Animals? – Plants?

Symbiosis Sym- (together), bio- (life), -sis (state of) Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism MutualismCommensalismParasitism Species One Effect +++ Species Two Effect +0-

Interactions with other species Predation – One animal kills and consumes the other for energy

MutualismCommensalismParasitismCompetitionPredation Species One Effect Species Two Effect +0---

Energy Flow How do organisms acquire energy? Producers, Consumers, Decomposers – Producer – autotroph, make their own food with energy from the sun, or earth Plants, giant tube worms

Consumers – heterotrophs, depend on other organisms for food – Herbivores – Carnivores – Omnivore 1iYTkqIA/TkKa7fqBC_I/AAAAAAAAAbI/IWf NHKdFDAg/s1600/lion-attacks-zebra-calf- 1.jpg c/credit/640x395/h/he/herbivore/herb ivore_1.jpg Energy Flow 11/04/salad.jpg

Energy Flow Decomposers – break down and absorb nutrients from dead organisms – Ants, vultures, fungi, bacteria W8/TMuBERW2WkI/AAAAAAAAjb8/0qeIWFCSNW0/s1600/Oyster+mushrooms+on+log.jpg

Organization of organisms into producers and consumers = energy pyramid – Divided into trophic levels Higher levels support fewer organisms – have less biomass 10% rule – only 10% of the energy in a trophic level is transferred to the above level

Food chain Shows energy flow from one organism to another – The arrow points in the direction of energy flow Sun Producer C1 C2 C3 C4

Food web Combination of multiple food chains – All the organisms that eat one organisms, all the organisms that organism eats, etc.

How are organisms impacted by their environment? Air – Oxygen and carbon dioxide Water – Precipitation and rainfall Nitrogen Phosphorous

Nitrogen Cycle Bacteria in soil change nitrogen into nitrates and nitrites – used to make proteins. Nitrogen is then released during decomposition.

Phosphorous Cycle Phosphorus shows up in soil from rock erosion. The plants obtain P from the soil, animals get P when they consume plants and when the animals die they decompose and the P is put back in the soil.

Balance Species interactions, environmental factors Important environmental factors – Fire – Flood

Succession Primary - rise of a community in an area with virtually no soil and no living organisms. Ex: volcano, retreating glacier Secondary - a disturbance has left soil and a community arises from that – Climax community – final stable state of community – Eutrophication – energy/nutrients

Human Impacts Remove predators Transfer organisms to new habitats – Invasive species Kudzu Upset physical environment – Habitat destruction ell.jpg UK%20Gallery/1.%20Environmental%20Issues/slides/Habitat%20Destruction.jpg

Human Impacts /assisted-migration/

Global Warming

Biodiversity Biodiversity-having a variety of different types of organisms in an area. Tropical rainforests and coral reefs are areas with high biodiversity. (the warmer and more even the climate the higher the biodiversity). Biodiversity is important in keeping ecosystems balanced. (removing certain species can destroy ecosystem) Humans prosper from biodiversity: more food, meds, resources (clothes, furniture)

Human Population as of /world-population-hits-seven- billion/ /1 World – 6,840,507,000 (over 7 billion now) U.S. – 308,745,538 N.C. – 9,535,483 Forsyth – 350,670 Kernersville township – 30,386