Grammar Lesson 16 The 3 Verbals + “Gerry” When a word that is normally used as a verb is used as a noun, adjective or adverb: 1.Gerund 1.Gerund =ends in –ing and can only be noun running, gaming, flying, dancing 2.Infinitive 2.Infinitive = must have “to” in front 3.Participle 3.Participle = part of tense

Grammar Lesson 16 Gerund Gerunds would normally be the verb, the action, of the sentence – like this: running Connor was running so fast at practice! But now its not the action, but the subject: Running Running has grown into a passion for Connor.

Grammar Lesson 16 Gerund Here is another example where it used as a verb, then as a noun and the direct object: dancing Josh was dancing the Tango at practice. But now its not the action, but the subject: dancing Our school offers dancing as a class.

Grammar Lesson 16 Diagramming the Gerund Verbals, including the Gerund, are special –so we put them on a pedestal when diagramming: dancing Our school offers dancing as a class.

Grammar Lesson 16 Gerund as Subject Running Running is great exercise.

Grammar Lesson 16 Gerund as Direct Object dancing Our school offers dancing as a class.

Grammar Lesson 16 Questions 1-3 (3 pts) Write the gerund then diagram sentence: Does cooking interest you?

Grammar Lesson 16 Questions 1-3 (3 pts) Write the gerund then diagram sentence: David loves cooking and cleaning?

Grammar Lesson 17 Progressive Verb Forms The six tenses each have a progressive form: Present Past Future Present Perfect Past Perfect Future Perfect They are expressed with some form of to be and the present participle (-ing)

Grammar Lesson 17 Present Progressive = action still in progress at time of speaking using is/am/are “I am listening” Past Progressive = action in progress through out a specific time in the past using was/were “I was listening”

Grammar Lesson 17 Future Progressive = action that will be in progress in the future using shall be or will be “I shall be listening” Present Perfect Progressive = action begun in the past & still continuing using has been or have been “I have been listening”

Grammar Lesson 17 Past Perfect Progressive = action begun, continued and ended in past using had been “You had been listening” Future Perfect Progressive = continuous action completed in the future using will/shall have been “You will have been listening”

Grammar Lesson 17 For 7-12, write the verb phrase and tense: 7. By the end of the season, I shall have been starting every game. 8. Coach was discussing the starting lineup. 9. He will be evaluating our practice effort. 10. Guys had been whining the last week. 11. Dresch has been looking for our best. 12. Players are pushing each other hard.

Grammar Lesson 18 Linking Verbs Linking verbs “link” the subject to the rest of the predicate. Does not show action, and it is not “helping” the action verb. Purpose is to connect a name or description to the subject, kind of like prepositions. Mr. Randolph was a softball coach.

Grammar Lesson 18 Action or Linking? Lebron appears healthy. Linking verb, linking Lebron and healthy. Lebron appears at the Boys and Girls club to support their cause. Action verb, because Lebron is taking an action – to appear at the club.

Grammar Lesson 18 Common Linking Verbs Is, am, are, was, were, be being (these are the forms of “to be”) Look, feel, taste, smell, sound, seem, appear, grow, become, remain, stay (other states of being or status that link)

Grammar Lesson 18 Questions 13-15: Write the linking verb from the sentence 13. Lobbyists appear unscrupulous sometimes. 14. The excuse sounded irrelevant and stupid. 15. Jordan was the best of all time.

Grammar Lesson 19 The Infinitive as Subject Like Gerund, Infinitive is a Verbal, formed from a verb but acts as something else Verb + preposition “to” before it to censor to incriminate to get Can act as a noun (thing), adjective (to describe) or adverb (tells where/when/how)

Grammar Lesson 19 Infinitive as Subject What part of speech must a word be in order to be a subject? = noun or pronoun Can an infinitive be the subject of a sentence? = yes because it’s a verbal (changes its POS)

Grammar Lesson 19 Diagramming the Infinitive What is unique about diagramming verbals? = they are special and go on stilts Besides the subject, what else can an infinitive be in a sentence (same as gerund)? = Object (direct or indirect)

Grammar Lesson 19 Diagramming the Infinitive To dance was her only dream.

Grammar Lesson 19 Questions 16-18: Write the infinitive from each sentence 16.To dance was her only dream. 17.To hold a baby is the scariest thing. 18.To have cried is manlier than not.

Grammar Lesson 19 Questions 19-20: Diagram the sentence To dance was her only dream.

Grammar Lesson 20 Phrases & Clauses Phrase: May have nouns and/or verbs, but doesn’t have both a subject and predicate. Prepositional Phrase “…of the players” Prepositional Phrase “…of the players” Verb Phrase “…would have shot” Verb Phrase “…would have shot” Gerund Phrase “…running the show” Gerund Phrase “…running the show” Infinitive Phrase “…to make a basket” Infinitive Phrase “…to make a basket”

Grammar Lesson 20 Phrases & Clauses Clause: It does have both a subject and predicate As the car passed the cop… …but only one player passed the ball. IMPORTANT: Every complete sentence must have at least one clause, but many have more than one.

Grammar Lesson 20 Diagramming a Clause Subject = Predicate The equal sign (=) is used to show balance. A sentence must have this same balance. Diagraming a sentence starts with that balance with subject & predicate on each side.

Grammar Lesson 20 Diagramming: Subject = Predicate Dogs barked. This is a legitimate sentence because it has a subject (Dog) and verb (barked). Notice it passes the sound test also.

Grammar Lesson 20 Diagramming: Subject = Predicate Big dogs barked at me. The subject & predicate are still the same, we just added more detail big=adjective at (preposition) + me (pronoun) = prepositional phrase at (preposition) + me (pronoun) = prepositional phrase

Grammar Lesson 20 Diagramming: Subject = Predicate Big dogs barked at me.

Grammar Lesson 20 Questions 21-23: Write whether it is a clause or a phrase 21. big dogs barked at me 22. barking dogs 23. the elevator in the house

Grammar Lesson 20 Questions 24-25: Diagram the sentences. 24. Sugar kills. 25. Brown sugar kills oatmeal.