Quotes “We hold it to be the duty of the government to inflict punishment on the rebels… The whole fabric of southern society must be changed. Thaddeus Stevens, “Radical Republican” leader of Congress With malice toward none, with charity for all…let us bind up the nation’s wounds.. and achieve a just and lasting peace. Abraham Lincoln, Second Inaugural Address

Reconstruction The southern states were left embittered and devastated by the war. What kind of things were destroyed in the war? What problems did the nation have to solve? Quick Clip

A group of escaped slaves that gathered on the former plantation of Confederate General Thomas Drayton. After Union troops occupied the area, these former slaves began to harvest and gin cotton for their own profit, circa , South Carolina. Photograph: Corbis

Charleston & Richmond

Reconstruction At the end of the war, there was no agreed-upon plan for Reconstruction Lincoln -“charity for all” – States had never really left the Union, so quickly restore loyal state govts in the South and move on Congress’s Radical Republicans – “punish the South” and guarantee rights to former slaves After Lincoln’s assassination, Andrew Johnson becomes president. Johnson’s plan let the South in quickly, but did not protect rights of freed blacks

What did the Black Codes do? “All freedmen, free negroes, and mulattoes in this State, with no lawful employment or business, or found unlawful assembling themselves together either in the day or night shall be fined fifty dollars” How were African-Americans controlled in the South?

Battles over Reconstruction Congress battles with President Johnson on Freedman’s Bureau – social, legal help Civil Rights Act – made racial discrim. illegal Congress passes bills  Johnson vetoes them  Congress overrides the vetoes 14 th Amendment – legal eq. and citizenship Johnson tries to defeat the 14 th Amendment– he fails! Republicans take over Congress!

Impeachment of the President Why was President Johnson impeached? What was the outcome of the trial?

Reconstruction Report Card With your group, read the competing plans for each issue and give each one a grade. Why did you give the grade you did? What were the strengths and weaknesses of each ? Can your group come up with an A+ plan?

The Civil War Amendments- read the amendments on pgs and in your own words write what the amendments accomplished. 13 th 14 th 15 th Can you find the flaw in the 15 th Amendment? Abolished slavery Citizenship and equal legal protection Voting rights

Reconstruction Act of 1867: Congress divides the South into military districts How do you think Southerners responded to having “yankee troops” watching over them?

Ulysses S. Grant wins a close election Confederates were not allowed to vote! Support from carpetbaggers and scalawags And for the 1 st time…freed African-Americans Election of 1868

carpetbaggers – Northerners who came South after the war to help, or to make money Scalawags – Southerners who supported Reconstruction

Hiram Revels is the first African- American Senator. He served as the US Senator from Mississippi.

Which of these changes do you think was the most important? African Americans were no longer slaves African Americans gained the right to vote African Americans attended schools African Americans were elected to government office

The Redeemers If you are a former Confederate, how do you feel about these changes?

Opposition to Reconstruction Who were the Redeemers? What did they do to oppose Reconstruction? Redeemers were Southern Democrats who wanted to retake control of their state governments –wanted Home Rule

The “Invisible Empire of the South” “Of course he wants to vote for the Democratic ticket”

The Failure of Federal Enforcement

The End of Reconstruction Why does support for Reconstruction end? Northerners have moved on Political scandals in Grant’s administration Economic problems: Panic of 1873 After the 15 th Amendment, many think the work is done Supreme Court weakens the Amendments The South regains control…

Compromise of 1877 The END of Reconstruction No one clearly wins the Presidential election Congress makes a deal: Republicans get Rutherford B. Hayes as president if the South gets: federal troops removed money for rail, rebuilding, projects to govern themselves without Northerners

Life in the South after 1877 Southern States enact Jim Crow laws that deny African Americans civil rights for nearly 100 years. Allowed legal segregation and discrimination in public places Plessy vs Ferguson (1896) – “separate but equal” is OK

Jim Crow Laws

Sharecropping What economic problems did freedmen (and poor whites) in the South have to solve? What economic problem did the plantation owners have to solve? Possible Solution? Sharecropping – p.391

What do you see here? What year do you think this was taken? 1898

Conclusion The North and Midwest industrialized, but the South would remain a backward, agriculture- based economy and the poorest section of the nation for many decades.

Recap: Ulysses S. Grant Urged radical Republicans not to be harsh with former Confederates Was elected president and served during most of Reconstruction Advocated rights for the freedman Opposed retribution directed at the defeated South

Robert E. Lee Urged Southerners to reconcile and rejoin the United States Served as president of Washington College (Washington & Lee University today) Emphasized the importance of education to the nation’s future

Frederick Douglass Supported full equality for African Americans Advocated for the passage of the 14th and 15th Amendments Encouraged federal government actions to protect the rights of freedmen in the South Served as ambassador to Haiti and in the civil service

Wrap Up: Write down 3 ways that life improved for African Americans during Reconstruction 2 problems that African Americans still faced 1 reason that white southerners were upset.