Chapter 3: Migration By: Katie and Kristin

Ravenstein’s Law of Migration 19 th century used data from England to outline a series of “laws” explaining patterns of migration Economic factors are main cause of migration Economic factors are main cause of migration Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural areas Urban residents are less migratory than those from rural areas Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence likelihood to migrate Factors such as gender, age, and socio-economic level influence likelihood to migrate Three categories of Ravenstein’s Law of Migration: Why migrants move Distance they typically move Characteristics of migrants

Push/Pull Factors A push factor induces people to move out of their present location A pull factor induces people to move into a new location Three kinds of push/pull factors: EconomicCulturalEnvironmentalEconomic: -Push factors: Not enough job opportunities -Pull factors: areas with lots of natural resources and job opportunities Cultural -Push Factors: slavery, political instability Environmental -Push Factors: Adverse physical conditions -Pull Factors: attractive locations, climate =_bkN3pLD_as

Zelinsky Model of Migration Transition Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Change in migration pattern in a society that results from social and economic changes that also produce the demographic transition. Stage 1 Stage 1  High CBR/ High CDR  Daily or seasonal mobility in search of food  Searching for local necessities  Internal migration Stage 2 Stage 2  High CBR/ dropping CDR  High rate of Natural Increase  Overtaxing resources/ limited opportunities push out immigrants  International Migration  Rural areas to cities Stage 3 & 4 Slowing growth rate Result of social change Fewer children International Migration Societies in stage 3 & 4 become the destinations of migrations from stage 2 countries Stage 4: Less emigration, more intraregional migration From cities to suburbs

Characteristics of Migrants Gender Ravenstein’s Laws Most long-distance migrants are male Most long-distance migrants are adult individuals Reality Reversed in 1990s women now 55% of U.S. immigrants Mexican Immigration Up until 1980’s 85% of Mexican immigrants men Now women majority Family Status Most immigrants young adults 40% of U.S. immigrants today between years old Increasing # are children 16% under 15 years old Age Most influential factor in migration selectivity Americans are most likely to move between 18 and 30 Education The more educated people are the more likely they are to make long- distance moves

Undocumented Immigration to the United States Legal immigration reached highest level in 20 th century More people want to enter than allowed Called unauthorized (or undocumented) immigrants Estimated at 11.9 million in % from Mexico 22% from elsewhere in Latin America 12% from Asia Children 2008 estimate: 6.3 million adult males 4.1 million adult females 1.5 million children 4 million children born in U.S. to undocumented parents Creates conflict: Jobs 8.3 million of undocumented immigrants employed Construction/ hospitality Border easy to cross Some Americans angry at paying more taxes and losing jobs Some favor work programs Belief that undocumented immigrants take the jobs no one wants

Dream Act This bill provided illegal immigrants with a permanent residency in the United States. -Had to live in the country for at least five years prior to the bills enactment - Must have good moral character to be considered -Arrive in U.S as a minor Critics contend that it would reward illegal immigration and encourage further illegal immigration, inviting fraud and shielding gang members from deportation.

Migration from Rural to Urban Areas Began in 1800s Industrial Revolution United States urban pop 1800 – 5% 1920 – 50% Today 3/4 ths of people in U.S. and other MDCs live in cities Urbanization now diffusing to LDCs Especially Asia Most rural to Urban migrants are moving for economic opportunities

Migration from Urban to Suburban Areas Developed countries migration is from cities to suburbs Not related to employment but change in lifestyle yard with fence Better schools, safer neighborhoods To accommodate, farms on periphery of cities converted to neighborhoods

Important Terms Brain Drain: Large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge Chain Migration: Immigrants from a particular town follow others from that town to another town Circulation: Short-term; repetitive movements that recur on a regular basis such as daily, monthly and annually Counterurbanization: The net loss of population from cities to smaller towns and rural areas Emigration: Moving from a particular location (out-migration) Forced Migration: movement of an individual against his or her own will Guest Workers: Individuals who migrate temporarily to take up jobs in other countries Immigration: Moving to a particular location (in-migration) Internal Migration: Migrating to somewhere in the same country just different town International migration: migrating to a whole new country

Interregional Migration: travels between 2 or more regions Intervening Obstacles: things that stand in the way of migrating (language, job oportunities) Intraregional migration: travels only within 1 region Migration: long-distance move to a new location Mobility: Ability to move from one place to another either permanently or temporarily Net Migration: gain or loss in the total population of that area as a result of migration Pull Factor: induces people to move into new locations Push Factor: Induces people to move out of a current location Quotas: How many people are in or out of the country (population) Refugees: Individual who crosses national boundries to seek safety Unauthorized immigrants: illegal immigrants Voluntary Immigration: Choose to migrate on their own without anyone telling them to do so