User-Defined Placeholder Text Personality Stages of Development

Personality Personality : unique patterns of thoughts and behaviours that characterize an individual Personality traits : inner qualities that we have which tend to be stable and permanent Why is it important? It allows us to make decisions about careers, relationships, jobs, and to understand others. It allows us to study human behaviour and to make generalizations about why people act the way that they do.

Personality and Sense of Self Self-Concept : sense of self is based on our ideas about our strengths, weaknesses, values and beliefs, hopes and dreams, achievements, and disappointments.

SAP Perspective on Personality Sociological : We create different personalities of “selves” depending on social setting and the people we are with. Anthropological :Concepts of self are culturally constructed … a person’s culture is the source of the persons ideas about the world and others. Psychological : We develop our personality because of our unique thoughts, motivations, and behaviours. This develops through a combination of “nature” and “nurture.”

Theories of Development PSYCHOLOGY : REFRESHER: we have 3 parts to our personality, or “voices” we listen to 1) Psychosexual Theory of the Self(Freud) Our adult behaviour is determined by the events / stages of our childhood. Our behaviour is a result of conflict between the id, ego and superego.

Theories of Development Freud’s Psychosexual Theory – Stages of Development The Oral Stage – birth to 18 months The Anal Stage – 18 months to 3 years The Phallic Stage – 3 – 6 years The Latency Period – 6 years to puberty The Genital Stage - adolescence

Theories of Development 2) Carl Jung – developed analytic psychology Were only four psychological functions sensation, intuition, thinking, and feeling Two ways to use energy: INTROVERTS – direct energy inwards, emotionally self- sufficient and do not need many close personal relationships EXTROVERTS – direct psychological powers outwards, they are outgoing and more comfortable in a large group of friends

Theories of Development 3)Erik Erikson Psychosocail Development – 8 stages of man Pass through 8 stages in a lifelong process of socialization

Theories of Development In each stage, a person faces situations that can have a positive or negative outcome A favourable outcome produces positive outlooks, feelings and builds social strength that helps throughout the rest of the stages of life. An unfavourable outcome leaves a person troubled and at a disadvantage in future developmental stages. These outcomes form your personality

Theories of Development Trust vs. Mistrust – birth to 1 year Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt – 2 years Initiative vs. Guilt – 3-5 years Industry vs. Inferiority – 6-12 years Identity vs. Diffusion – Adolescence Intimacy vs. Isolation – Young Adulthood Generativity vs. Isolation – Adulthood Integrity vs. Despair – Old Age

Theories of Development 4) Kohlberg’ moral development : ability to judge the morality of actions evolves through stages as our brain develops:

Theories of Development Preconventional Stage – decide on an action based on whether or not it is in their direct personal interest. Rules are rules and should not be varied - PUNISHMENT Conventional Stage – begin to recognize the needs of others and see that right and wrong need to be consistent with society’s norms. Rules may vary according to circumstance, but should generally be followed or society will break down. Postconventional Stage – move beyond blind acceptance of society’s norms and question whether they are justified.

Theories of Development Postconventional Stage – move beyond blind acceptance of society’s norms and question whether they are justified.

Theories of Development ANTHROPOLOGY: 1) Margret Mead compared Samoan and American cultures, specifically the adolescent experience concluded our personalities are largely influenced by society in which we live USSamoa CompetitiveCo-operative

Theories of Development 2) Ruth Benedict examined the role of religion in shaping personality concluded that culture was the sum of all the personalities of its people shared belief that culture shapes personality

Theories of Development SOCIOLOGY 1) George Mead humans have more than one “self” personal self – “I” self (true self)= relationship with family public self – “me” self (other self) = guided by rules, experience, roles *we create different personalities depending on the situation we find ourselves in