1. Theories of Development
Chapter 5
Theories of Development
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

2. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Key Terms
behavioral theories
behaviorist theory
classical conditioning
cognitive theories
Electra anxiety
extrovert
humanist theories
information processing
introvert
looking-glass self
moral reasoning
Oedipus complex
operant conditioning
psychodynamic theories
social-learning theory
sociocultural theories
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

3. Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.
Definition
Psychodynamic theories
Behavioral theories
Humanist theories
Cognitive theories
Sociocultural theories
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.

4. Importance of Understanding Developmental Theories
Changes in physiology, psychology, and behavior that occur normally at different stages in the lifespan.
Behaviors influenced by culture, environment, past experiences, family, health status, and the reaction of the individual
Understanding what affects growth and development helps predict and recognize behaviors.
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5. Selected Theories of Development
Including theories by Freud, Jung, Erikson, Levinson, Piaget, Loevinger, Kegan, Vygotsky, Brofenbrenner, Maslow, Rogers, Watson, Pavlov and Skinner, Bandura and Mischel, Kohlberg, Cooley and Mead, Peck, Havighurst, and Atchley
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6. Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)
Conflict occurs when society provides mixed messages, causing the unconscious (id) to produce anxiety, which rises to the surface (conscious or ego) and becomes evident to the individual in his or her feelings and behavior
Oedipus complex
Electra anxiety
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7. Defense Mechanisms for Coping
Rationalization
Repression
Projection
Displacement
Reaction formation
Regression
Identification
Sublimation
See Box 5-1.
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8. Freud’s Stages of Psychosexual Development
Oral
Anal
Phallic
Latency
Genital
See Table 5-1.
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9. Psychodynamic Theory (Jung)
Studied with Freud but did not believe sexuality was the basis of behavior development
Introvert
Extrovert
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10. Stages of the Life Cycle: A Psychosocial Theory (Erikson)
Personality development is dependent on the social environment and social interactions
Each stage involves a social crisis or task that must be positively resolved to pass successfully to the next stage
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11. Erikson’s Stages of the Life Cycle
Trust vs. mistrust
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Initiative vs. guilt
Industry vs. inferiority
Identity vs. role confusion
Intimacy vs. isolation
Generativity vs. self-absorption
Integrity vs. despair
See Table 5-2.
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12. Stages of Parenting Behaviors
Stage 1: Parental image
Stage 2: Authority
Stage 3: Integrative
Stage 4: Independent teen
Stage 5: Departure
See Table 5-3.
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13. Psychosocial Theory (Levinson)
Elaborated on Erik Erikson's theories
Interactions among environment, culture, and the individual are the “fabric of life.”
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14. Cognitive Theory (Piaget)
Emphasized cognitive milestones in development
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15. Piaget’s Four Stages of Development
Sensorimotor
Preoperational
Concrete operations
Formal operations
See Table 5-4.
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16. Cognitive Theory (Loevinger)
Stretched Piaget's model of development into the stages of adulthood
The ego adapts to demands and is an important basis for critical thinking
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17. Constructive Theory (Kegan)
Constructive developmental theory similar to Piaget's
Lifelong interaction with the environment
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18. Theory of Language and Culture (Vygotsky)
Social and cultural experiences are necessary for optimal growth and development
Language is a major force in the growth and development of the personality
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19. Vygotsky’s Language and Development Theory
Infant
Toddler
Preschool
3 years old
4 years old
School age
See Table 5-5.
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20. Social and Economic Influences (Bronfenbrenner)
Combination of social and economic factors that influence growth and development
How children may be treated differently in different environments and the effect that those differences may have
See Table 5-6.
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21. Bronfenbrenner’s Social Theory of Growth and Development
Parents, siblings
Teachers, babysitters
School, neighborhood, community
Political community
See Table 5-6.
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22. Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow)
If basic needs are met, the individual can move to higher levels of thought and self-fulfillment.
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23. Hierarchy of Needs (Maslow) (cont.)
The hierarchy of needs, from the most to least basic, includes: Physiological; Activity; Safety and Protection; Love and Belonging; Esteem; and Self-Actualization
See Figure 5-2.
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24. Environmental Theory (Rogers)
People naturally form their own positive destiny, based on the concept of the self, if obstacles are removed
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25. Behaviorist Theory (Watson)
The father of behaviorism
The environment and experiences mold the personality
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26. Behaviorist Theory of Personality (Pavlov and Skinner)
Personality and behavior are learned
Classical conditioning
Operant conditioning
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27. Social-Learning Theories of Personality (Bandura and Mischel)
Social learning formed the basis for personality development
Exposure to and imitation of a behavior
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28. Theory of Moral Development (Kohlberg)
Moral reasoning
Development of a set of social rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong
Moral behavior is based on perception and integration of these rules
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29. Kohlberg’s Stages of Moral Development
Preconventional
Conventional
Postconventional
See Table 5-7.
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30. Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead)
Looking-glass self
Self-image is formed through three steps
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31. Development of Self-Image (Cooley and Mead) (cont.)
1) Imagining how we portray ourselves to others;
2) imagining how others evaluate us; and
3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like.
See Figure 5-3.
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32. Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Peck)
Coping with retirement from work
Adapting to the normal physiological decline because of aging
Facing the inevitability of death
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33. Developmental Tasks of the Older Adult (Havighurst)
Developmental tasks of late adulthood, which involve accepting oneself and maintaining meaning in life
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34. Developmental Stages of Retirement (Atchley)
Five developmental stages in the older adult related to retirement:
Preretirement
Honeymoon
Disenchantment
Stability
Terminal
See Table 5-8.
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35. Additional Influences on Growth and Development
Cultural beliefs and practices
Gender differences
Poverty
Developmental tasks
Copyright © 2013, 2004 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc.