1. Developmental Approaches OT 460 A Week 4

2. Theories of Human Development Many different theories Some end at adolescence (like Freud) and some at old age (like Erikson) Age is never a good or true measure of development Persons with disabilities may have differences between their chronological age and developmental expectations 9/18/2012 2

3. Different Types of Tracking Psychosocial: Freud, Jung Physical milestones: Gessell Emotional milestones: Gessell Cognitive milestones: Piaget Moral reasoning: Kihlberg, Wilcox, Gilligan Older adult development: Laslett, Baltes & Baltes, and Archley 9/18/2012 3

4. Jung Considered to be the “Father of Adult Development” Extended developmental milestones beyond Freud Stages: Birth to puberty (childhood): Blissful ignorance, inherited predipositions Puberty to age 35 (youth): Conscious and doubting Age 35 to old age (mid-life): Change in direction for self- individualization and integration Infirmity and death (old age): Infirmity, acceptance of death, afterlife, and collective unconscious 9/18/2012 4

5. Erikson’s 8 Stages of Psychosocial Development 13-22 Adolescence: Self- identity versus role confusion Teen begins to make choices about adult roles; goal is to get a sense of membership with society that is integrated into personality 23-35 Young Adult: Intimacy versus isolation: ability to make commitments to social relationships based upon a stable identity; capacity to love is achieved 35 to 50 Adulthood: Generativity versus stagnation: significant benefits for health and wellbeing later in life; associated with successful professions, marriages, close friendships, altruistic behaviors, and mental health 50 to death: Integrity versus despair: contentment is based on a life productively lived; reflection is on own value 9/18/2012 5

6. Piaget’s Intellectual Development Stages based upon studying perceptions and problem solving behaviors or young children Stages: Sensorimotor: birth-2 Pre-operational: 2-7 Concrete operations stage: 7-11 Logical mental processes are learned through rules and social environmental press Formal operations: 11-15 Ability to think abstractly Consider past, present, and future when performing problem solving Considered to continue in adulthood 9/18/2012 6

7. Expansion beyond Piaget Other theorists have proposed Postformal Stages for adults: Adults apply new stages in problem-solving and decision-making strategies when faced with social, moral and other domains Postformal reasoning is more complex and involves multiple ways of knowing 9/18/2012 7

8. Kohlberg and Wilcox Moral Development Studied how logic is used in development of moral reasoning How people get along in society, view of themselves, and social structure lead to decisions about what is right or wrong Developed 3 levels: 2-4: Preconventional level 6+: Conventional 11-12: Post-conventional level: Fairness is free-standing logic Stage 5: Individual rights and human dignity can override rules; empathy influences decisions; right and wrong can be separate from the ruless Stage 6: Ideal stage: rarely seen: unconditional value of rights of humanity; empathizes with everyone in moral dilemmas 9/18/2012 8

9. Gilligan’s Challenge to Kohlberg Focus on women Kohlberg doesn’t take into account gender, culture, time, and occasion Women have responsibilities based upon relationships Women can be looked down upon because they don’t seem to be working on autonomy and self-sufficiency 9/18/2012 9

10. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Human Needs Survival needs: food, clothing, shelter Safety: physical and psychological security Love and belonging: Need for love, affiliation, support Self-esteem: Belief in self and a competent, valued member of society Self-actualization: Achieving personal goals 9/18/2012 10

11. What Does all of this Mean to OT? Decide whether you believe in linear stages Look for delays based upon illness, injury, disability, life circumstances Design interventions that promote growth 9/18/2012 11