Energy  Energy exists in many forms.  Although energy is n’t visible, you can detect evidence of energy.  Energy cannot be created or destroyed.  Energy can be changed from one form to another.

Energy Uses  Energy do work that end up as motion, light, or heat.  Energy is used to power manufacturing, light buildings, propel vehicles, and communicate messages.

Energy Conversion All forms of energy can be converted into other forms of energy

Six Forms of Energy Mechanical Chemical Electrical Heat/Thermal Light/Radiant Nuclear

Mechanical Energy Energy that moves objects from place to place (K.E & P.E)  K.E examples include water, steam. and gas turbine as well as vehicles  P.E examples include water flowing in a Dams.

Chemical Energy Internal energy  Energy released by a chemical reaction ( internal energy / heating value)  The food you eat contains chemical energy that is released when you digest your meal  Organic materials (HC) such as wood, coal, gasoline, and natural gas are fuels that contain chemical energy

Energy Sources 90% of the energy used today is in the form of fossil fuels. Forms of energy OTHER than fossil fuels are termed “alternative” energy sources. two main categories Alternative energy sources can be divided into two main categories.

1)Non-renewable energy sources fossil fuels Nuclear energy 2) Renewable Energy Sources Solar power Wind power Hydropower Ocean currents/tidal Biomass energy

Will the energy future include fossil fuels? -There are a few “new” sources of fossil fuels which may play a role in the future. -They are still NON-RENEWABLE. -They still cause pollution (in varying amounts) But there is a potential for LOTS of energy!

Geothermal Energy: heat energy from the Earth The conversion of natural heat from the Earth’s interior to heat buildings and generate electricity. Considered a non-renewable source when extraction rates are greater than supply.

Renewable Energy Sources Solar power Wind power Hydropower Ocean currents/tidal Biomass energy

Solar Energy The amount of incoming solar energy is immense. In 10 weeks, the amount of incoming solar energy would equal the energy of all known fossil fuel reserves. Distribution is variable, due to climate, location on Earth, etc…

The Luz Solar Electric Generation System

Photovoltaic Solar

Hydrogen Power Hydrogen has the potential to be the largest energy source of all. Clean Burning (only water as exhaust!) Inexhaustible supply, which is recycled No fancy new drilling technology needed! Water Power: Hydro-power is a good alternative energy source, because it is essentially unlimited.

Hydroelectric Power Generation Power is generated by harnessing the energy of falling water. The greater the difference in water level, the more energy

Tidal/Current Power: generation of electricity from movement of ocean tides or currents. Rising tides are trapped behind a dam, then released to turn a generator. Also some work on ocean buoys that harness the movement of water to generate electricity. Tidal/Current Power

Outlook: Generally good, but tidal energy can only be used in areas where tides are of sufficient height to warrant an electrical station. High costs may be associated. Offshore buoys would need electrical transmission lines along the ocean floor.

Wind Power: generation of electricity using wind to turn turbines. Free energy, but needs to be in an area that has constant winds with enough velocity to warrant placing windmills. Best used in particular sites with a good steady supply of wind. Wind Power

Outlook: Wind power will continue to grow, but in limited areas. Some disadvantages and concerns exist. Windmills had bad impact of environment (decrease wind velocity, produce noise, kill birds, and interfere with migratory local life patterns. Large windmill farms take up large areas of land.

Biomass Energy: energy from organic matter. Probably the first source of energy for man, this energy is renewable and abundant. Already in use in many places, such as sugar plantations and saw mills. Also includes the burning of urban waste, in “trash to steam” plants. Biomass Energy

Outlook: Biomass fuel will continue to be a large part of the alternative energy picture. However: Environmental degradation can and will occur if the biomass is not harvested in a renewable manner. Burning biomass causes local pollution, especially air pollution, and leaves ash behind. The ash can be used in other industrial sectors.

Methane Hydrates White, ice-like compound consisting of Methane (CH 4 ) and water. A potential source of energy, as large as twice the known reserves of gas, oil, and coal COMBINED. Found in very deep ocean sediments (over 1000 feet in depth)

Wastes  Implies unwanted or unusable materials. “substances or objects which are disposed of or are intended to be disposed of or are required to be disposed of by the provisions of the law”  The term is often subjective (because waste to one person is not necessarily waste to another) and sometimes objectively inaccurate (for example, to send scrap metals to a landfill is to inaccurately classify them as waste, because they are recyclable).subjectivescrap metalslandfillrecyclable 43 Definition of Wastes

WASTE

Solid wastes: domestic, commercial and industrial wastes especially common as co-disposal of wastes: plastics, Styrofoam containers, bottles, cans, papers, scrap iron, and other trash Liquid Wastes: Examples: domestic washings, chemicals, oils, waste water from ponds, manufacturing industries and other sources Emissions Examples: exhaust gases (CO 2, CO, O 2, NO x. So x,….etc) 45 Types of Wastes

 According to their Properties  According to their Effects on Human Health and the environment Classification of Wastes

Organic ( Bio-degradable – CHNSO ) can be degraded (paper, wood, fruits and others) Recyclable Materials (Non-biodegradable Material – scrap) cannot be degraded (plastics, bottles, old machines, cans, Styrofoam containers and others) 47 Classification of Wastes

Organic characterization

 Hazardous wastes Substances unsafe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically.  Non-hazardous Substances safe to use commercially, industrially, agriculturally, or economically. 51 Classification of Wastes

Sources of Wastes 52

Sources of Wastes 53

 Affects health  Affects economic conditions  Affects marine environment  Affects climate 54 EFFECTS OF WASTE

Environmental Management System EMS  part of an organization’s management system used to develop and implement its environmental policy and manage its environmental aspects. This includes organizational structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing and maintaining the environmental policy.

Waste management waste management include: Generation of waste Waste minimization Waste removal Waste transportation Waste treatment Recycling and reuse Storage, collection, transport, and transfer Treatment Landfill disposal Environmental considerations Financial and marketing aspects Policy and regulation Education and training Planning and implementation.

Waste management

Solid Waste management Waste management is the "generation, prevention, characterization, monitoring, treatment, handling, reuse and residual disposition of solid wastes". The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and the process is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, the environment or aesthetics.

Solid Waste management

Waste management

Waste could be changed From Bad Health Wealth To

Waste management

Prevention of Pollution Product design, Materials utilization, Use, practices, and techniques of processes, Services or energy that avoid, reduce or control (separately or in combination) The creation, emission or discharge of any pollutant or waste, in order to reduce adverse environmental impacts.

Reduce  Reduce office paper waste by implementing a formal policy to duplex all, draft reports and by making training manuals and personnel information available electronically.  Improve product design to use less materials.  Redesign packaging to eliminate excess material while maintaining strength.  Work with customers to design and implement a packaging return program.  Switch to reusable transport containers.  Purchase products in bulk. 69 Waste management

Reuse  Reuse recyclable materials  corrugated moving boxes internally.  Reuse office furniture and supplies, such as interoffice envelopes, file folders, and paper.  Use durable towels, tablecloths, napkins, dishes, cups, and glasses.  Use incoming packaging materials for outgoing shipments.  Encourage employees to reuse office materials 70 Waste management

Disposal means “any operation which may lead to resource recovery, recycling, reclamation, direct re-use or alternative use” Definition of Disposal

Disposal

Disposal Waste to Fuel

Energy Recovery

Environmental Impact

Solid waste treatment technologies

Established waste treatment technologies Composting Incineration landfill Recycling Solid waste treatment technologies

Anaerobic digestion Alcohol/ethanol production Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels Biodrying Gasification GasPlasma: Gasification followed by syngas plasma polishing (commercial test scale) In-vessel composting Alternative solid waste treatment Mechanical biological treatment Mechanical heat treatment Plasma arc waste disposal Pyrolysis Refuse-derived fuel Sewage treatment Tunnel composting Waste autoclave Solid waste treatment technologies

Solid Waste management

Solid Waste management system

Solid Waste management