1. Forms and Sources of Energy

2. Energy Energy is the ability of a physical system to do work or exert force Energy is the ability of a physical system to do work or exert force Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed Potential energy is stored energy in a body Potential energy is stored energy in a body Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body Kinetic energy is the energy of a moving body The amount of useful energy is known as energy efficiency The amount of useful energy is known as energy efficiency

3. Forms of Energy Mechanical: created by physical movement Mechanical: created by physical movement Thermal: energy of motion of particles of the sun Thermal: energy of motion of particles of the sun Nuclear: energy stored in the center of atoms Nuclear: energy stored in the center of atoms Gravitational: energy of position on Earth Gravitational: energy of position on Earth Radiant: electromagnetic energy travelling in waves Radiant: electromagnetic energy travelling in waves Chemical: energy stored in bonds of atoms and molecules Chemical: energy stored in bonds of atoms and molecules Electrical: energy of movement of electrons Electrical: energy of movement of electrons

4. Coal Formed by heat and pressure, and the remains of dead organisms Formed by heat and pressure, and the remains of dead organisms Located in swampy areas and mountainous regions Located in swampy areas and mountainous regions Buried deep underground, shallow coal is recovered in surface mines Buried deep underground, shallow coal is recovered in surface mines Stored as chemical energy Stored as chemical energy Burned to produce energy and heat Burned to produce energy and heat Non-renewable but cheap Non-renewable but cheap Produces a lot of pollution and chemicals Produces a lot of pollution and chemicals

5. Natural Gas Fossil fuel that is a colourless, ordourless gas Fossil fuel that is a colourless, ordourless gas Formed from ancient sea plants and animals Formed from ancient sea plants and animals Located in sedimentary basins and recovered by drilling wells and pipes Located in sedimentary basins and recovered by drilling wells and pipes Stored as chemical energy Stored as chemical energy Burned to produce heat and electricity Burned to produce heat and electricity Cleaner burning than coal and cheap Cleaner burning than coal and cheap Nonrenewable energy source Nonrenewable energy source Produces pollution (carbon dioxide) when burned Produces pollution (carbon dioxide) when burned

6. Hydropower Energy produced by flowing water caused by the force of gravity Energy produced by flowing water caused by the force of gravity Found in regions of high precipitation Found in regions of high precipitation Dams used to harness the power of the water to turn turbines and produce electricity Dams used to harness the power of the water to turn turbines and produce electricity Stored as mechanical energy Stored as mechanical energy Renewable energy source Renewable energy source Does not produce pollution but does affect animal habitats Does not produce pollution but does affect animal habitats Few locations can support dams Few locations can support dams

7. Petroleum Liquid hydrocarbon fossil fuel Liquid hydrocarbon fossil fuel Formed from ancient sea plants and animals Formed from ancient sea plants and animals Located in sedimentary basins and recovered as crude oil by drilling wells and pipes Located in sedimentary basins and recovered as crude oil by drilling wells and pipes Stored as chemical energy Stored as chemical energy Burned to produce heat or refined into gasoline (transportation fuel) Burned to produce heat or refined into gasoline (transportation fuel) Fuel almost our entire transportation system and essential for the production of plastic Fuel almost our entire transportation system and essential for the production of plastic Nonrenewable energy source Nonrenewable energy source Produces pollution when burned, massive damages if spilled into the ocean Produces pollution when burned, massive damages if spilled into the ocean

8. Solar Energy produced by fusion in the sun’s core Energy produced by fusion in the sun’s core Stored as radiant energy Stored as radiant energy Recovered by photovoltaic cells as radiant energy reaches the Earth Recovered by photovoltaic cells as radiant energy reaches the Earth Converted to heat through absorption and electricity by PV cells Converted to heat through absorption and electricity by PV cells Renewable energy source and non-polluting Renewable energy source and non-polluting Difficult to harness because it is not concentrated in one area Difficult to harness because it is not concentrated in one area PV technology is expensive PV technology is expensive

9. Biomass Organic material that can be used as an energy source Organic material that can be used as an energy source Located anywhere on Earth that can sustain plant growth Located anywhere on Earth that can sustain plant growth Stored as chemical energy Stored as chemical energy Collected from organic waste that can be burned to produce energy Collected from organic waste that can be burned to produce energy Can be converted to methane or ethanol (car fuel) Can be converted to methane or ethanol (car fuel) Renewable energy source and cheap Renewable energy source and cheap Burning biomass does produce pollution and foul odours Burning biomass does produce pollution and foul odours Doesn’t produce as much energy as burning coal Doesn’t produce as much energy as burning coal

10. Propane Colourless, ordourless gas found in natural gas and petroleum deposits Colourless, ordourless gas found in natural gas and petroleum deposits Recovered from refining petroleum and natural gas Recovered from refining petroleum and natural gas Stored as chemical energy Stored as chemical energy Compressed into a liquid Compressed into a liquid Burned to produce heat and fuel vehicles, and used in cooking Burned to produce heat and fuel vehicles, and used in cooking Nonrenewable energy source Nonrenewable energy source Clean burning fossil fuel but produces some pollution Clean burning fossil fuel but produces some pollution

11. Uranium Metallic ore that is abundant in North America Metallic ore that is abundant in North America Ores are mined and enriched Ores are mined and enriched Stored as nuclear energy Stored as nuclear energy Energy released through fission (splitting atoms) Energy released through fission (splitting atoms) Once enriched can produce heat which is used to produce electricity Once enriched can produce heat which is used to produce electricity Nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, thus minimal pollution Nuclear power plants do not burn fuel, thus minimal pollution Efficient and cost-effective Efficient and cost-effective Nonrenewable energy source Nonrenewable energy source Produces radioactive waste which must be carefully stored Produces radioactive waste which must be carefully stored

12. Wind Moving air caused by uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun Moving air caused by uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun Wind machines used to harness the energy Wind machines used to harness the energy Machines slow speed of wind and use energy to produce electricity Machines slow speed of wind and use energy to produce electricity Stored as kinetic energy (motion) Stored as kinetic energy (motion) Renewable energy source Renewable energy source Inexpensive and non-polluting, but noisy Inexpensive and non-polluting, but noisy Machines cannot operate all the time as wind must blow at least 23 km/h Machines cannot operate all the time as wind must blow at least 23 km/h

13. Geothermal Heat produced in Earth’s interior from radioactive decay of natural elements Heat produced in Earth’s interior from radioactive decay of natural elements Recovered by drilling and underground pipes Recovered by drilling and underground pipes Many located in the South Pacific Many located in the South Pacific Stored as thermal energy Stored as thermal energy Produces enough energy to heat buildings and steam is used to produce electricity Produces enough energy to heat buildings and steam is used to produce electricity Renewable energy source Renewable energy source Does not produce pollution but is expensive Does not produce pollution but is expensive Not located everywhere on Earth Not located everywhere on Earth