 Greatest Composers  Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart – GCSE Bitesize Wolfgang Amadeus MozartGCSE Bitesize  Joseph Hayden Joseph Hayden  Ludwig van Beethoven Ludwig van Beethoven ▪ It is important to note that Beethoven was the composer that made the turning point from the Classical to the Romantic period.  Some other composers are Gluck, C.P.E. Bach, and J.C. Bach.

Style Galant, Homophonic, Orchestra, Music for Instruments, Symphony

 “courtly style”  Music which is aimed to please the listener.  Often simple and polished, refined, elegant.  This is best represented by the earlier works of the Classical Period.

 A texture in which two or more parts move together in harmony, the relationship between them creating chords. Notice how the left hand is outlining chords with the melody being played by the right hand. In this choral example, the voices work together singing the same rhythm but different pitches, thus creating chords.

BAROQUE CLASSICAL

 The Classical Period was the first period in music where the focus was mainly on instruments, not voice.  Operas and other vocals works were still being written, however they were not as popular as symphonies, concertos, and small instrumental ensembles.

 Four Movements  First – Fast, usually an allegro and in what became known as sonata form. First  Second – Slow and often in a simple form such as ternary form (ABA). Second  Third - Minuet and trio, a dance borrowed from the Baroque period and in ternary form. Third  Fourth - Fast and usually an allegro, often light-hearted in style and in a form such as rondo form, theme and variations or sonata form. Fourth  Listen to examples from Beethoven’s 5 th Symphony.  The symphony was the main type of orchestral music.

 Concertos are 3 piece movements mostly designed for one instrument (with a few exceptions such as Mozart's Violin and Viola Concerto. The most popular instruments were the piano and violin. They often had a cadenza where the orchestra would stop and allow the soloist to improvise showing off his/her flair and technique.Violin and Viola Concerto  Hayden Cello Concerto in C Major Hayden Cello Concerto in C Major  Mozart Violin Concerto No. 3 Mozart Violin Concerto No. 3

Short and clearly defined musical phrases with 2 or more contrasting themes Melody Very defined and regularRhythm Mostly homophonic - one melody line with accompaniment made up using notes of the chord, or a texture where all parts keep in step with each other (often known as chordal style). Texture Symphony orchestra - arranged in 4 sections Harpsichord seldom used. Piano in use but not normally in orchestral music, except when it is a piano concerto. Choral music - sacred mass and oratorio Secular - opera and song Chamber music - trios, quartets, quintets etc. Timbre Greater range of dynamics, use of crescendos and diminuendos,Dynamics Sonata form, rondo form, fugue, minuet and trio form.Form Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Paganini,Composers

TerminologyDefinition Exposition‘exposes’ beginning of piece where main subjects are stated. DevelopmentSection where themes (subjects) are developed, altered, played around with. Recapitulation‘recap’ repeats a subject in a slightly different form. LegatoPlaying smoothly Sonata – FormForm used from the classical period, usually in the first movement of a large instrumental work, i.e. symphony. CantabilePlayed in a singing style. SubjectA theme, or group of themes, on which a work is based. Style Galant‘courtly style’ – light, no great emotional weight

TerminologyDefinition StaccatoDetached PolyphonicTexture in which two or more melodic lines are combined. HomophonicMelodic line which is accompanied by chords. ScherzoLively movement in triple meter. SymphonyExtended orchestral work with 4 or more movements. Alberti Bass1,5,3,5 – accompaniment pattern used by Classical composers. Chamber MusicMusic played by small groups, often in a chamber or small room. sfSuddenly loud