1. The Classical Period (c.1750-1820) Composers of the Viennese School Composers of the Viennese School Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756- 1791) Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart (1756- 1791) Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Franz Joseph Haydn (1732-1809) Beethoven (1771-1821) Beethoven (1771-1821)

2. The Classical Style What was new about it? What was new about it? Texture: Homophonic, melody at the forefront Texture: Homophonic, melody at the forefront Melody: lyrical, with clear,balanced phases Melody: lyrical, with clear,balanced phases Harmony: diatonic Harmony: diatonic Chords don’t change as fast as in the Baroque

3. Genres of Classical era Symphonyorchestra Symphonyorchestra String Quartet string quartet String Quartet string quartet piano sonata piano piano sonata piano concerto soloist/ orch. (3 movts) all are SONATA CYCLES concerto soloist/ orch. (3 movts) all are SONATA CYCLES (1750-1820) (1750-1820)

4. Sonata cycle READ MACHLIS 228-35 READ MACHLIS 228-35 Order of movements (separate sections) in a typical classical piece Order of movements (separate sections) in a typical classical piece 1st movement: fast, and in Sonata- Allegro form (or just “sonata form”) 1st movement: fast, and in Sonata- Allegro form (or just “sonata form”) Second movement slow Second movement slow Third movement Minuet & Trio Third movement Minuet & Trio Fourth movement fast often Rondo form (ABACA) Fourth movement fast often Rondo form (ABACA)

5. Classic 4-movement Design p. 105

6. Sonata cycle The example we will cover is Mozart’s Eine Kleine Nachtmusik The example we will cover is Mozart’s Eine Kleine Nachtmusik Skip listening guide 25 in Chapter 31. Skip listening guide 25 in Chapter 31. Proceed directly to Chapter 32 Proceed directly to Chapter 32

7. Mozart(1756-91) child prodigy (his sister Nannerl was too) child prodigy (his sister Nannerl was too) pianist and violinist pianist and violinist composer-- had written sonatas, operas, symphonies by the age of 12 composer-- had written sonatas, operas, symphonies by the age of 12

8. Mozart(1756-91) tours with his father as a very young boy tours with his father as a very young boy Paris, London, Munich visits Kings, Pope, Empress and Emperor Showed off skill in playing, improvising 2nd set of tours as an adolescent 2nd set of tours as an adolescent same places: but less successful

9. Mozart(1756-91) work in Salzburg-- for archbishop work in Salzburg-- for archbishop not happy- bored in Salzburg Position in Vienna for Emperor Joseph II Position in Vienna for Emperor Joseph II not fully appreciated tragic death at a young age (35) tragic death at a young age (35) last compositions both tragic and serene

10. Mozart(1756-91) Wrote in every classical genre: Symphonies, concerto, different kinds of opera, etc. Wrote in every classical genre: Symphonies, concerto, different kinds of opera, etc.

11. Eine kleine Nachtsmusik Sonata cycle for double string quartet or chamber orchestra Sonata cycle for double string quartet or chamber orchestra written in Salzburg-- an example of chamber music, or music for small ensemble written in Salzburg-- an example of chamber music, or music for small ensemble

12. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Listening guide 26 Listening guide 26 Movement I Movement I I: Allegro- sonata form I: Allegro- sonata form

13. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Three parts of sonata form… Three parts of sonata form… 1. Exposition: Introduces two main keys and the important musical themes 1. Exposition: Introduces two main keys and the important musical themes 2. Development: Builds up tension by frequent changing of keys, and by manipulating the themes 2. Development: Builds up tension by frequent changing of keys, and by manipulating the themes 3. Recapitulation: restatement of themes in the tonic (main key) 3. Recapitulation: restatement of themes in the tonic (main key)

14. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Listening to the First movement… Listening to the First movement… Exposition introduces two contrasting ideas-How would you characterize theme? Exposition introduces two contrasting ideas-How would you characterize theme? Theme 1, Theme 2, closing theme Here the exposition is repeated Here the exposition is repeated Development: How is it different in character from the exposition? Development: How is it different in character from the exposition?

15. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Recapitulation: release of tension Recapitulation: release of tension

16. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Second movement…. Second movement…. Andante (slow) Andante (slow) Form: ABACA (Called RONDO form) Form: ABACA (Called RONDO form)

17. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Third movement Third movement Minuet-trio form Minuet-trio form A specific kind of ABA form... A specific kind of ABA form... Minuet a dance in triple meter Minuet a dance in triple meter The trio is contrasting in character- more lyrical-and originally had reduced instrumentation The trio is contrasting in character- more lyrical-and originally had reduced instrumentation

18. Eine kleine Nachtmusik Fourth movement... Fourth movement... Sonata form- Sonata form- Two main themes and keys in the exposition Two main themes and keys in the exposition Which themes do you hear in the development? Which themes do you hear in the development?

19. The Classical symphony Originally small Originally small Standard orchestra... Standard orchestra... Strings Strings Smaller numbers of woodwinds (2 each Smaller numbers of woodwinds (2 each Sometimes horns, but not always Sometimes horns, but not always Trumpets and drums rare, no trombones Trumpets and drums rare, no trombones