1. Review from last class What are some of the new features of the classical style (as compared to Baroque) What are some of the new features of the classical style (as compared to Baroque) What is a sonata cycle? What is a sonata cycle? What are its main parts? What are its main parts? Four movements 1. Fast sonata- allegro form, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trio Four movements 1. Fast sonata- allegro form, 2. Slow, 3. Minuet-trio 4. Fast, sonata or rondo 4. Fast, sonata or rondo

2. Review from last class What is sonata-Allegro form? What is sonata-Allegro form? Define exposition, development, and recapitulation Define exposition, development, and recapitulation What is Rondo form? What is Rondo form? ABACA ABACA

3. The Classical Orchestra Instrumentation... Instrumentation... Central body of strings Central body of strings Small group of woodwinds (2 each) Small group of woodwinds (2 each) Trumpets and drums for special occasions Trumpets and drums for special occasions No trombones, tuba, etc. No trombones, tuba, etc.

4. Joseph Haydn (1732- 1809) lost his voice -- and his choral position at sixteen lost his voice -- and his choral position at sixteen Followed teaching, freelancing Followed teaching, freelancing Then service of the Esterhazy- Hungarian princes Then service of the Esterhazy- Hungarian princes Haydn had huge duties, but special opportunities to experiment Haydn had huge duties, but special opportunities to experiment

5. Haydn’s Works chamber music chamber music opera opera vocal music (masses & oratorios - in Handelian tradition) vocal music (masses & oratorios - in Handelian tradition) over 100 symphonies over 100 symphonies

6. Haydn’s Symphony 94 One of 12 written for special tours in London One of 12 written for special tours in London Called the “Surprise” (LG 28) Called the “Surprise” (LG 28) 2nd movement 2nd movement form-- combines theme & variations with ternary ABA form Loud timpani crash is the surprise

7. Ludwig van Beethoven Known as a transitional figure from Classical to Romantic periods Known as a transitional figure from Classical to Romantic periods Born in Bonn, Germany Born in Bonn, Germany Influenced by ideals of Enlightenment… Influenced by ideals of Enlightenment… Freedom Freedom Individual rights Individual rights Equality, brotherhood Equality, brotherhood

8. Ludwig van Beethoven Patronage system was declining Patronage system was declining One of the first to successfully make it as a freelance musician One of the first to successfully make it as a freelance musician Had wealthy patrons who paid him a stipend…. Had wealthy patrons who paid him a stipend…. But no full-time position But no full-time position

9. Ludwig van Beethoven Started to go deaf around 1800 Started to go deaf around 1800 This personal crisis lead to changes in his music. This personal crisis lead to changes in his music. Heligenstadt Testament… Heligenstadt Testament… Beethoven comments on his personal crisis and the role of art in saving him Beethoven comments on his personal crisis and the role of art in saving him These ideas look forward to the Romantic era These ideas look forward to the Romantic era

10. Ludwig van Beethoven Three compositional periods… Three compositional periods… First period: based on style of Haydn and Mozart First period: based on style of Haydn and Mozart Second period: expands these traditional forms (eg. longer development sections) Second period: expands these traditional forms (eg. longer development sections) Third period: transcendent, defies a concise description Third period: transcendent, defies a concise description

11. Beethoven’s 5th Movements Movements 1. Sonata (4-note motive) 1. Sonata (4-note motive) 2. Theme and variations (4-note motive) 2. Theme and variations (4-note motive) 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same form as Minuet) … 3. Scherzo (4-note motive) (same form as Minuet) … NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro form (4 note motive) (with 3rd movt. coming back). NO BREAK - 4. Sonata-allegro form (4 note motive) (with 3rd movt. coming back).

12. Beethoven’s 5th Motive Short-short-short-LONG Motive Short-short-short-LONG This motive of three shorts and a long returns in each movement, making it CYCLIC. This motive of three shorts and a long returns in each movement, making it CYCLIC. We will focus on the first movement and third movement (starting at CD 4 track 35 and CD 4 track 48) We will focus on the first movement and third movement (starting at CD 4 track 35 and CD 4 track 48)

13. Beethoven’s 5th Listening to the first movement... Listening to the first movement... Listen for the many different versions of this motive. Listen for the many different versions of this motive. Occurs in accompaniment, reverse melodic direction, variation, etc. Occurs in accompaniment, reverse melodic direction, variation, etc.

14. Beethoven’s 5th Listening to the first movement… Listening to the first movement… First theme (based on that 4-note motive) First theme (based on that 4-note motive) Second theme Second theme Long development section (Compared to Mozart) based on first theme Long development section (Compared to Mozart) based on first theme Recapitulation Recapitulation

15. Beethoven’s 5th Third movement is a SCHERZO... Third movement is a SCHERZO... a substitute for the minuet in the classical symphony a substitute for the minuet in the classical symphony Means “joke” Means “joke” Characterized by abrupt changes in mood Characterized by abrupt changes in mood Triple meter, rhythmically driving Triple meter, rhythmically driving Like the minuet, as a trio section in the middle, making it ABA form Like the minuet, as a trio section in the middle, making it ABA form

16. Beethoven’s 5th Second movement Second movement Theme and variation form. With two different themes Theme and variation form. With two different themes Theme 2 used the 4-note motive Theme 2 used the 4-note motive Listen for the variation form Listen for the variation form

17. Classical Concerto vs. Baroque emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra emphasis shifts to solo (1 solo) vs. orchestra more integration of orchestra and solo more integration of orchestra and solo Has three movements, fast-slow-fast Has three movements, fast-slow-fast featuring a cadenza … featuring a cadenza …

18. Mozart Piano Concertos most were written for himself or his sister Nannerl As a vehicle for self-promotion 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) 3 movements (rather than 4 of typical sonata-cycle) Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo Sonata/Concerto, Slow movt, Rondo