HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES URBANIZATION & CITY LIFE IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY.

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Presentation transcript:

HOW THE OTHER HALF LIVES URBANIZATION & CITY LIFE IN THE LATE 19 TH CENTURY

RICH VS. POOR - INSIDE APARTMENT LIVING TENEMENT LIFE

AND OUT VANDERBILT MANSION 1884LOWER EAST SIDE TENEMENT

LIFE OF A WAGE EARNER INCREASE IN INCOME 31% UNSKILLED & 74% SKILLED B/W HOURS DAY/6 DAYS TYPICAL; 25% OVER 10 HRS./DAY 885, FACTORY WORKERS MILLION AVERAGE URBAN WORKER HAD IMMENSE SOCIAL MOBILITY CHILD LABOR UNDER 14 YEARS WAS TYPICAL SOME AS EARLY AS 8 OR 9 IN FACTORIES, MINES WOMEN 17% OF WORKFORCE 1900 – GENDER SPECIFIC JOBS; TEACHERS, NURSES, DEPT. STORE CLERKS, TYPISTS 1 ST FEMALE LAWYER 1869 – FEW FEMALE PROFESSIONALS MOST LIVED IN CITIES –CITIES UNPREPARED; 1.4 MILLION NYC 1890 FUNDAMENTAL RESTRUCTURING OF WORK HABITS & A NEW EMPAHSIS ON WORKPLACE DISCIPLINE

URBAN LIVING IMMIGRANTS STAY IN CITY- NO OPTIONS NEW IMMIGRANTS: 1880 – 1910, EASTERN & SOUTHERN EUROPEAN, PEASANTS, UNSKILLED, SINGLE – PUSH & PULL SAME 1.2 MILL 1882 ALONE; 25 MILL ELLIS ISLAND 1892 METRO BOARD OF HEALTH MIN. STD PLUMBING & VENTILATION BROOKLYN BRIDGE % POPULATION % LIVE CITIES AVERAGE # PEOPLE/DWELLING 5.5 FOR TENEMENTS 18.5 CRIME MAJOR PROBLEM POLITICAL MACHINES, BOSS TWEED

IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION  CHINESE EXCLUSION ACT 1882  AMERICAN PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION 1887 – ANTI- CATHOLIC  RISE OF NATIVISM  IMMIGRATION RESTRICTION LEAGUE 1894 LITERACY TEST  PHYSICALS, INTELLIGENCE TESTS AT ELLIS ISLAND

REFORMERS & RELIGIOUS RESPONSE YMCA SALVATION ARMY 1880 – LOCAL RESPONSIBILITY POPE LEO XIII RERUM NOVARUM 1891 – CRITICIZES EXCESS OF RICH & CALLS ON GOV’T TO ACT SOCIAL GOSPEL – PROTES-TANT RESPONSE TO TAKE CARE OF INDIVIDUAL & WORRY ABOUT SAVING SOULS LATER SETTLEMENT HOUSES: HULL HOUSE 1889 CHICAGO, JANE ADDAMS & 1893 HENRY STREET SETTLEMENT HOUSE BY L. WALD, NYC