1. Challenges of Urbanization

2. Urbanization: Growth of Cities Most immigrants move into city areas –Cheapest and convenient Offered unskilled labor jobs in factories and mills Mulberry St., New York

3. Americanization Movement Plan to assimilate people into the dominant “American” culture Teach English, American history & Government, cooking & social etiquette Despite the plan, many ethnic communities form –Able to practice their customs, religion and speak their native language. –become overcrowded

5. Housing Problems: Where to Stay? Row Houses: single family “apartments” that shared walls with others Tenements: when two or three families occupy a formerly single-family house. Often overcrowded and unsanitary Poor ventilation and plumbing Rats and cockroaches are common “roommates”

7. Mass Transit Enabled workers to get to jobs easier & faster 1873: Street cars in San Francisco 1897: Electric subways in Boston Cities still struggle to keep up with demand

8. Clean Water Problems Few residents of large cities have indoor plumbing Deadly diseases (typhoid fever and cholera) could be transmitted in dirty water Filtration (1870s) and chlorination (1908) introduced

9. Sanitation Problems Horse manure, human sewage, smoke from factories, trash build up By 1900, many cities had developed sewer lines & sanitation departments

10. Police and Fire Departments Increase in urban population = increase in crime –1844: NY City creates 1 st salaried (paid) police dept. Fire Hazards: –Most buildings in cities built of wood –No electricity = flammables used –Limited water supply = fires rage! 1853: Cincinnati, OH creates 1 st salaried Fire dept. 1900: most major cities have a fire dept.

11. Great Chicago Fire, 1871: -Fire burned over 24 hours -300 pple died -100,000 pple left homeless -3 sq. mi. + burned -$200 mill. property damage -17, 500 buildings destroyed San Francisco Earthquake, 1906 -Quake lasted 28 seconds -Fire burned for 4 days -1,000 pple died -200,000 pple left homeless -5 sq. mi. burned -$500 mill. property damage -28,000 buildings destroyed

13. Urban problems led to … reformers Social Gospel movement: Christian-based movement that taught salvation came through service to the poor led to establishment of “settlement houses” - community centers in slum neighborhoods

14. Settlement Houses Provided: - educational services: English, college extension courses - cultural services: painting, music - social services: health services (like nurse visits) Usually staffed by middle-class, college-educated women, often living at the settlement house

15. Jane Addams (1860-1935) One of the most important figures of the settlement house movement Founded Hull House in Chicago 1889

16. Hull House Jane Addams and Hull House children Dance at Hull House