1. H-F1/5-6/12; T1/4/11 ; M1/12/09 Immigration & Urbanization (Ch. 19; pp. 533-557) Q: What impact did immigration and urban growth have on America in the late 19 th C?

2. I. Urbanization rapid postbellum urban growth new cities (see chart p. 537) old cities grew Ex: NYC – 1898 – merge 5 boroughs (NY, Brooklyn largest cities)

3. A. Transportation Changes RR’s – manufacturing, trade hubs regional networks “walking cities” to urban sprawl omnibuses (horse-drawn) – stench, dirty cable cars (esp. Chicago) (draw diagram) electric trolleys (Dodgers, SF) Trolley Dodgers flat rate

4. A. Transportation Changes (cont.) downtown (on streetcar routes) department stores everything available special orders early malls Gimbels & Macys (NY)

5. B. Neighborhoods distinct socioeconomic neighborhoods ethnic slums - immigrants de facto segregation m-c & wealthy – segregated early suburbs (1 st of 3 waves – 1920s & 1950s) “dumbbell apartment” – tenements dumbbell apartments

6. C. Urban Renewal used new technology land fill (Boston, NYC) health reasons – clear out swamps (insects, disease) ex: Fenway, Back Bay in Boston (map on p. 553) public parks – Frederick Law Olmstead & others (Central Park; Prospect Park; Golden Gate)

7. II. Immigration “new immigrants” S & E European (approx. 2/3) areas of entry – NYC & SF Castle Garden – 1855; Ellis Island – 1892 Angel Island – 1910 Asian – west coast Chinese Exclusion Act (1882), Gentleman’s Agreement (1907) Statue of Liberty - Godfather II Godfather II Scene Ellis Island, c. 1906

8. Immigration Patterns

9. III. Social Critics A. Jacob Riis Danish photographer How the Other Half Lives reporter, photographer expose poverty ethnic neighborhoods m-c bias “dumbbell apartment” – tenements –HalfHalf –RiisRiis

11. B. Jane Addams settlement houses Hull House – Chi. immigrant, poor m-c, educated women cultural clash imposed m-c values

12. C. Social Gospel fix social problems fight social injustices Christian values awareness to action predecessor to Progressives – criticism of laissez-faire m-c bias

13. D. New Organizations help immigrants & poor Christian charity groups YMCA, Salvation Army, Charity Organization Society (COS)

14. IV. City Government A. Corruption machine politics - Boss Tweed Tammany Hall – NYC symbolic of urban corruption

15. B. Police Force crime increases need for police bribery forced reforms professional police force Teddy Roosevelt –NYC Police Commissioner, (1895-97)

16. Summary Questions Q: C&C cities in late 19 th Century to contemporary cities. Problems? Reforms? Q: To what extent do cities in the late 19 th century resemble contemporary cities? Similarities? Differences? Q: How did they deal w/ problems? Similarities? Differences?