Organic Chemistry
What is it? Most things are made of Carbon Usually they also contain the atoms H, O, N, Cl and many others Millions are know of and many more are discovered (made) each year Most things are made of Carbon Usually they also contain the atoms H, O, N, Cl and many others Millions are know of and many more are discovered (made) each year
Where are they found? In living things (C makes up 20% of all animals) Fossil fuels (coal, petrol, gas and oil) Plastics, glues, soaps, paper, medicine and cosmetics In living things (C makes up 20% of all animals) Fossil fuels (coal, petrol, gas and oil) Plastics, glues, soaps, paper, medicine and cosmetics
Hydrocarbon chain (octane) - type of fuel PVC - type of plastic, repeating unit of C, H and Cl’s Hydrocarbon chain (octane) - type of fuel PVC - type of plastic, repeating unit of C, H and Cl’s
Hydrocarbon chain - soap. Polar and Non-polar Penicillin Hydrocarbon chain - soap. Polar and Non-polar Penicillin
So why are there so many organic compounds? Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with other carbons This can cause chains of Carbons or Rings BenzenePropane Carbon forms strong covalent bonds with other carbons This can cause chains of Carbons or Rings BenzenePropane
Carbon atoms can form single, double and triple bonds with both carbon and other atoms
The same atoms can join together to form isomers
Hydrocarbons The simplest organic compounds contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms For example: The alkanes, alkenes and alkynes. The simplest organic compounds contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms For example: The alkanes, alkenes and alkynes.
Alkanes, Alkenes and Alkynes Alkanes contain only C-C single bonds. They are saturated, as no more hydrogen atoms can be added to them. Alkynes have one or more C=C double covalent bonds. They are unsaturated more H atoms can be added to them Alkanes contain only C-C single bonds. They are saturated, as no more hydrogen atoms can be added to them. Alkynes have one or more C=C double covalent bonds. They are unsaturated more H atoms can be added to them
Alkynes have one of more C=C triple bonds and are also unsaturated
Alkanes Homologous Series: A family of organic compounds that can be represented by a general formula differing by one CH 2 unit. Members of a homologous series have similar methods of prep and have similar chemical properties. Alkanes are an example of a homologous series. Homologous Series: A family of organic compounds that can be represented by a general formula differing by one CH 2 unit. Members of a homologous series have similar methods of prep and have similar chemical properties. Alkanes are an example of a homologous series.
Alkanes General formula: C n H 2n+2 The alkane family build up by lengthening the carbon chain by one CH 2 group at a time. The first member (methane) contains only one C atom (n=1) Therefore the number of Hydrogens is: 2n + 2 = 2(1) + 2 = 4 General formula: C n H 2n+2 The alkane family build up by lengthening the carbon chain by one CH 2 group at a time. The first member (methane) contains only one C atom (n=1) Therefore the number of Hydrogens is: 2n + 2 = 2(1) + 2 = 4
Methane
Agriculture accounts for approx 14% of greenhouse gases. Methane comes from a variety of places: Burning fossil fuels, waste management, agriculture, wetlands, oceans, termites and forest fires. Agriculture accounts for approx 14% of greenhouse gases. Methane comes from a variety of places: Burning fossil fuels, waste management, agriculture, wetlands, oceans, termites and forest fires.
Methane, ethane, propane and butane
Naming straight chained molecules
Examples for naming: Hexane: Hex prefix means 6 carbons Ane suffix means all single bonds Therefore draw 6 carbons all bonded together and fill in the max of 4 bonds per carbon with hydrogens Hexane: Hex prefix means 6 carbons Ane suffix means all single bonds Therefore draw 6 carbons all bonded together and fill in the max of 4 bonds per carbon with hydrogens