2. Yeah, it is the last unit!

3. Organic Chemistry Organic Chemistry involves the study of Carbon based compounds Organic Chemistry involves the study of Carbon based compounds Almost all compounds utilized by living organisms involve carbon hence the name “Organic” chemistry Almost all compounds utilized by living organisms involve carbon hence the name “Organic” chemistry What are some examples of Organic Based compounds? What are some examples of Organic Based compounds? Petrochemicals- Biochemicals Petrochemicals- Biochemicals Dyes- Polymers Dyes- Polymers Pharmaceuticals- Life Pharmaceuticals- Life

4. Carbon is special! Carbon atoms can bond with other carbon atoms in chains, rings, and networks. Carbon atoms can bond with other carbon atoms in chains, rings, and networks. These Bonds are covalent. These Bonds are covalent. Carbon has 4 unpaired electrons & can form 4 covalent bonds. Carbon has 4 unpaired electrons & can form 4 covalent bonds. C C H can only form 1 bond Halogens only form 1 bond O, S can only form 2 N, P can only form 3

5. Carbons ability to form 4 covalent bonds, one or more Of which can even be to another carbon atom leads to carbons ability to form millions of different compounds.

6. There are 3 ways to draw organic molecules: 1. Structural formulas 2. Condensed structural formulas 3. Molecular formulas

7. Structural Formulas “–” A single line represents one pair of “–” A single line represents one pair of electrons (a single bond). electrons (a single bond). “=“ A double line represents two pairs of “=“ A double line represents two pairs of electrons (a double bond). electrons (a double bond). “  ” A triple line represents three pairs of “  ” A triple line represents three pairs of electrons (a triple bond). electrons (a triple bond). Show kind & number of atoms. Show kind & number of atoms. Draw example on board Draw example on board

8. Condensed Structural Formulas These formulas show kind & number of atoms as well as some information regarding what atoms are bonded to what atoms. These formulas show kind & number of atoms as well as some information regarding what atoms are bonded to what atoms. They do not depict bonds They do not depict bonds Examples: CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3

9. Molecular Formulas These formulas show kind & number of atoms but not necessarily any other information These formulas show kind & number of atoms but not necessarily any other information Examples: C 4 H 10

10. Vocabulary Hydrocarbons: organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Hydrocarbons: organic compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen. Straight chain: All C bonded to only 2 other C’s Straight chain: All C bonded to only 2 other C’s Ex: c-c-c-c-c-c-c Ex: c-c-c-c-c-c-c Branched: One or more C bonded to 3 or 4 other C’s Branched: One or more C bonded to 3 or 4 other C’s Ex: Ex: c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c c | | | c c c-c-c | c

11. Primary Categories of Hydrocarbons There are Five Hydrocarbon Categories There are Five Hydrocarbon Categories Straight Chain or Branched Straight Chain or Branched Alkanes (Single Bonds) [hydrogen = 2n +2] Alkanes (Single Bonds) [hydrogen = 2n +2] CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 Alkenes (Double Bond) [H = 2n] Alkenes (Double Bond) [H = 2n] CH 3 CH 2 CH=CH 2 CH 3 CH 2 CH=CH 2 Alkynes (Triple Bond) [H = 2n – 2] Alkynes (Triple Bond) [H = 2n – 2] CH 3 CH 2 C CH CH 3 CH 2 C CH

12. Primary Categories of Hydrocarbons Cyclic Cyclic Aromatics (Benzene related compounds) Aromatics (Benzene related compounds) Non-aromatic Non-aromatic Cyclopropane Cyclobutane Cyclopentane Cyclohexane C 3 H 6 C 4 H 8 C 5 H 10 C 6 H 12 C6H6C6H6 The simplest aromatic Hydrocarbon (alternating Double bonds) Cyclopropane is the Simples cyclic hydrocarbon

13. Naming straight-chain Alkanes All alkane names have the suffix –ane. All alkane names have the suffix –ane. (Single Bonds) [hydrogen = 2n +2] (Single Bonds) [hydrogen = 2n +2] The prefix depends on the number of C’s. The prefix depends on the number of C’s. Ex: Methane1 Carbon Ethane2 Carbon What’s the chemical formula of each?

14. Alkanes A Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. A Homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons. Compounds with a related structure differing by the same repeating unit (-CH2-) Compounds with a related structure differing by the same repeating unit (-CH2-) FormulaName CH 4 Methane C2H6C2H6C2H6C2H6Ethane C3H8C3H8C3H8C3H8Propane C 4 H 10 Butane C 5 H 12 Pentane C 6 H 14 C 6 H 14 Hexane Hexane C 7 H 16 C 7 H 16 Heptane Heptane

15. Prefix # of C atoms Meth Meth1 Eth2 Prop3 But4 Pent5 Hex6 Hept7 Oct8 Non9 Dec10

16. Alkanes: base unit CH4 CH3CH3or C2H6 CH3CH2CH3or C3H8 CH3CH2CH2CH3or C4H10 CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3or C5H12 -D-D-D-Difference between each is one -CH2- -G-G-G-General formula is CnH2n+2 (n= no. of carbon atoms) Problem: What’s the formula for the alkane with 22 carbon

17. Problem: What is the structural formula for pentane? Problem: What is the name of the following Hydrocarbon? CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3

18. SIMPLE HYDROCARBONS Draw the structural formula and condensed structural formula (chemical formula) of the following: Draw the structural formula and condensed structural formula (chemical formula) of the following: octane octane hexane hexane

19. Recall that the members of the group of alkanes Forms a homologous series and each member of This series differs from the last by 1 –CH 2 - unit When we draw the structural formulas of the 1 st Three members of this group there is only one Way each can be drawn. CH 4 CH 3 -CH 3 CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 3 Drawing simple alkanes

20. Branched-chain alkanes Beginning with butane, C 4 H 10, there is more than 1 way to arrange the atoms besides one carbon after another. Beginning with butane, C 4 H 10, there is more than 1 way to arrange the atoms besides one carbon after another. CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 & CH 3 | CH 3 -CH-CH 3

21. Branched-chain alkanes In both butane structures we have the same numbers and kind of atoms namely, C 4 H 10 In both butane structures we have the same numbers and kind of atoms namely, C 4 H 10 The general formula for each is also C n H 2n+2 so each represents the alkane “Butane” The general formula for each is also C n H 2n+2 so each represents the alkane “Butane” Yet there is a difference. The difference lies in what atoms are joined to what atoms Yet there is a difference. The difference lies in what atoms are joined to what atoms CH 3 -CH 2 -CH 2 -CH 3 & CH 3 *| CH 3 -CH-CH 3 * Are there any other ways to draw 4 carbon butane? No

22. Naming branched-chain alkanes Step 1: Find the longest continuous chain or backbone of C atoms. c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c c c What’s the longest chain? c The base name is derived from the number of C’s in the longest chain. The base name is derived from the number of C’s in the longest chain. 10 carbons would be decane

23. Naming branched-chain alkanes 2.Branches are added as a prefix and are named by counting the number of C atoms. The “branch” alkane name ends in “yl.” The “branch” alkane name ends in “yl.” Methyl CH 3 — Ethyl CH 3 CH 2 – Propyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 – Butyl CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 C H 2 – c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c c c c c c

24. Naming branched-chain alkanes 3.The location of the branch (or substituent group) is shown by assigning numbers to the C’s in the backbone. Number from the end that gives the lowest number for the first branch. Number from the end that gives the lowest number for the first branch. Substituent groups (branches) are listed alphabetically Substituent groups (branches) are listed alphabetically There may be more than 1 of the same type of branch. There may be more than 1 of the same type of branch. Use di, tri, tetra etc. for 2, 3, and 4 Use di, tri, tetra etc. for 2, 3, and 4 Number the locations and separate the # by a comma & Number the locations and separate the # by a comma & separate the last # from the name by a dash 7-ethyl-3-methyldecane c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c-c c c c c c 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

25. H H–C–HH–C–H H H–C–C–C–H H H-C-H | H Longest continuous chain has 3 carbon atoms – propane. 2 Branches each have 1 carbon – dimethyl. Branches have to be at C-2. WHY?? (Only give the number if necessary.) Dimethylpropane or C 5 H 12 or CH 3 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 3 Example:

26. Longest continuous chain has 4 carbon atoms – butane. 2 Branches each have 1 carbon – dimethyl. Branches are at C-2. WHY?? 2,2-Dimethylbutane or C 6 H 14 or CH 3 C(CH 3 ) 2 CH 2 CH 3 CH 3 | H 3 C-C-CH 2 -CH 3 | CH 3 Name this compound

27. H H – C – H H H H H – C – C – C – C – H H H H–C–H H–C–H H H Longest continuous chain has 6 carbon atoms: hexane Branch is 1 carbon long: methyl Branch is located at C-3 3-methylhexane or C 7 H 16 or CH 3 CH 2 CH 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 or CH 3 (CH 2 ) 2 CH(CH 3 )CH 2 CH 3 Name this compound:

28. More Naming Problems

29. Problems: Draw the following: Draw the following: 2 – methylpropane 2 – methylpropane 3 – ethyl – 4 - methylnonane 3 – ethyl – 4 - methylnonane 2,2 – dimethylpropane 2,2 – dimethylpropane 2,3,4 – trimethyldecane 2,3,4 – trimethyldecane What name does this compound have?

30. Book: Try it for HW! Pg 336 #5 Pg 336 #5 Pg 338 #8 Pg 338 #8