The Civil War Begins Section pp

Learning Objectives Explain how the Civil War began Explain Northern and Confederate shortsightedness about the duration of war. Identify the Northern generals and their initial campaign in the West. Describe new weapons and other changes in warfare. Explain Northern and Southern military strategies to capture their opponent's capital

Confederates Fire on Ft. Sumter Ft. Sumter – One of two remaining Southern forts under Union control – Confederacy demanded surrender from Union – Union supplies running out

Confederates Fire on Ft. Sumter Lincoln’s Dilemma – Surrender and give legitimacy to Confederacy? – Defend Ft. Sumter and risk starting a war and alienating border states? – Solution: Send “food for hungry men” Confederates attacked on April 12, 1861 – Union General Anderson surrendered

Confederates Fire on Ft. Sumter Effects of Confederate Victory at Ft. Sumter – Men from both sides enlist in military – Virginia decides to secede from Union Important resources to help South Prompted 3 other states to secede West Virginia separates from Virginia

Americans Expect a Short War Union and Confederate Strategies – The Union’s Anaconda Plan Blockade Southern ports to prevent imports/exports Control the Mississippi River to split the CSA in two Capture the Confederate capital at Richmond, VA – Southern Strategy Capture Washington, D.C. Seize central Pennsylvania Divide Northeast from Midwest Gain recognition from other nations

Americans Expect a Short War First Battle at Bull Run (July 1861) First Battle at Bull Run – Union General Irvin McDowell – CSA inspired by Gen. Thomas “Stonewall Jackson” – CSA defeats Union – Significance: Shows war will be long and bloody CSA morale soars CSA fails to attack D.C.

Union Armies in the West Lincoln appoints Gen. George McClellan to command Union army and calls for more enlistments

Union Armies in the West Gen. Ulysses Grant captures two important CSA forts on strategic river locations in Feb. 1862

Union Armies in the West Battle of Shiloh (April 1862) Battle of Shiloh – CSA troops surprise Union, led by U.S. Grant – Union counterattack forces CSA retreat – Significance: Bloodiest battle of war Showed Anaconda Plan might succeed Union Gen. David Farragut captures New Orleans in April 1862

Revolution in Warfare Improvements in technology changed military strategy and led to high casualty rates New Technologies – Ironclad Ships – Rifle – Minie Ball – Grenades – Land Mines

The War for the Capitals McClellan vs. LeeLee – McClellan: Extremely cautious – Lee forces McClellan to abandon pursuit of Richmond

The War for the Capitals Antietam (Sep ‘62) Antietam – Union uncovers Lee’s plans – Both sides suffer high casualties – McClellan fails to pursue Lee – Lincoln fires McClellan