ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) = Cells’ ENERGY molecule

Adenosine triphosphate (3) Adenosine triphosphate (3) Energy Energy A P Adenosine diphosphate (2)

ATP is made from the breakdown of carbon based molecules Molecule of choice is Carbohydrates (glucose) Breakdown of 1 glucose molecule can generate 36 to 38 ATP Lipids are long-term storage of chemical energy Breakdown of 1 triglyceride molecule can generate 146 ATP Proteins (amino acids) are last resort for energy So where does the glucose come from?

Producers can produce their own organic carbon based molecules from inorganic material Chemosynthesis – Organisms that use chemicals to generate carbon based molecules to be broken down for energy Simple prokaryotes that exist in area where sunlight does not reach such as volcanic vents on the ocean floor. Small percentage of Earth’s organisms Producers for those ecosystems Photosynthesis –Process that captures light energy to make sugars that store chemical energy 99% of life on Earth’s organism depend directly or indirectly of sunlight for energy

Contain chlorophyll a & b Absorbs red & blue light Reflect green light 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 chloroplasts Chloroplasts Contain chlorophyll a & b Absorbs red & blue light Reflect green light Stroma Grana Thylakoid

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 chloroplasts Membrane bound organelle Grana(pl.) Granum (s.) Stacks of membrane enclosed compartments containing chlorophyll Thylakoid Individual compartment Stroma Fluid that surrounds the grana inside chloroplast Stroma Grana Thylakoid

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis 2 Main Stages

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis 2 Main Stages Light Dependent Purpose: Capture & transfer sunlight energy Location: Within & across membrane of thylakoids Requires: Sunlight & H2O Outcome: ATP, NADPH, & O2

Glucose moves from the Chloroplast out to the cytoplasm of the cell 6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Light Independent (Calvin Cycle) Purpose: Make glucose molecule Location: Stroma Requires: ATP, NADPH (from light dependent Rxn) and CO2 Outcome: Glucose molecule Photosynthesis 2 Main Stages Glucose moves from the Chloroplast out to the cytoplasm of the cell

Even though plant cells have chloroplasts and capture and convert sunlight, CO2 & H2O to make sugars that store chemical energy the cell cannot use sugar directly. The cells of consumers must consume plants or other organisms that have eaten a plant to get glucose, but the cell cannot use sugar directly

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Cellular respiration is the process that breaks down glucose to make ATP in three steps: Glycolysis Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain These processes take place in the cytoplasm then mitochondria of eukaryotic cells Mitochondria

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration Location: Cytoplasm Requires: Glucose Anaerobic – No oxygen required Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP

energy from glycolysis C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Krebs cycle Purpose: Transfer energy for use in electron transport chain Location: Interior or matrix of mitochondria Requires: Two pyruvate molecules Occurs twice (once for each pyruvate molecule) Anaerobic (does not require O2) Outcome: Energy for 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain electron transport chain, 2 ATP and 6 CO2

energy from glycolysis C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Electron Transport Chain Purpose: Produce 32 to 34 molecules of ATP Location: Across inner membrane of mitochondria Requires: Energy from Krebs in form of electron carriers Requires O2 Aerobic Outcome: 32 to 34 ATP molecules and 6 H2O 6H O 2 6CO 6O mitochondrion matrix (area enclosed by inner membrane) inner membrane ATP energy energy from glycolysis 1 4 3 and Krebs Cycle Electron Transport Chain

6CO2 + 6H2O + Sunlight →→→→→ C6H12O6 + 6O2 Photosynthesis 1 molecule of glucose 6 O2 molecules Dark Rxn Glycolysis 2 Pyruvate molecules 2 ATP Light Rxn Krebs Cycle Electron carriers 2 ATP 6 CO2 Electron Transport Chain 32 to 34 ATP 6 H2O C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP

C6H12O6 + 6O2 →→→→→ 6CO2 + 6H2O + 36 ATP Glycolysis Purpose: Split a glucose molecule into two three-carbon molecules for use in aerobic respiration Location: Cytoplasm Requires: Glucose Anaerobic – No oxygen required Outcome: 2 Three-carbon molecules (Pyruvate) and 2 ATP

3-carbon lactic acid molecules (2) 3-carbon Pyruvate Lactic Acid Fermentation Cytoplasm Anaerobic No ATP produced Removes e-s from NADH Provides NAD+ for glycolysis to continue C C C C C C NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ C C C C C C (2) 3-carbon lactic acid molecules Occurs in humans

During brief periods without O2 cells use lactic acid fermentation: Muscle cells Require large amounts of ATP in rapid bursts Lactic acid build up causes pain and cramps

Alcoholic Fermentation Occurs in yeast, some plant cells Cytoplasm Anaerobic No ATP produced Removes e-s from 2 NADH Provides 2 NAD+ for glycolysis to continue 2 alcohol molecules 2 CO2 (2) 3-carbon Pyruvate C C C C C C NADH NADH NAD+ NAD+ C C C C 2 2-carbon alcohol molecules O C O O C O 2 Carbon dioxide molecules Occurs in yeast, some plant cells

Important uses of fermentation process