1. SB3a.
Students will be able to explain the cycling of energy through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration

2. LEQ1 : How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

3. Why do organisms need energy?
All organisms require energy to do work
growth and development
The original source of all energy on earth is the SUN

4. How is energy stored?
In living things energy is stored in a molecule of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
WHAT IS RIBOSE???

5. Would you want a tattoo of ATP on your arm???
Just a thought…
Would you want a tattoo of ATP on your arm???

6. Nitrogen compound (adenine)
What is ATP?
Energy storing molecule in organisms
Made of:
5 carbon sugar (ribose)
Nitrogen compound (adenine)
3 Phosphates

7. How is energy stored in and released from ATP?
Energy is stored in chemical bonds between phosphates
Energy is released when the bond is broken and one phosphate is released
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) is produced when the phosphate is released

8. Cycling of ATP and ADP
ATP
ADP
Energy Stored
Energy released

9. phosphate removed

10. Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
RECALL: MACROMOLECULES
Organisms break down carbon-based molecules to produce ATP.
Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP.
not stored in large amounts
up to 36 ATP from one glucose molecule

11. RECALL: MACROMOLECULES
Fats store the most energy.
80 percent of the energy in your body
about 146 ATP from a triglyceride
Proteins are least likely to be broken down to make ATP.
amino acids not usually needed for energy
about the same amount of energy as a carbohydrate

12. RECALL: CHEMOSYNTHESIS
Some organisms live in places that never get sunlight.
In chemosynthesis, chemical energy is used to build carbon-based molecules.
similar to photosynthesis
uses chemical energy instead of light energy

13. What are the three main uses for ATP?
Transports needed substances across the cell membrane
Active Transport
Activating metabolic reactions
All chemical reactions in the body
Mechanical work
Moving muscles

14. Summarizer
Explain to your neighbor how energy is converted between ATP and ADP.
HINT: Make sure to use the word phosphate in your explanation.
STAY ON TASK… ONLY TALK ABOUT THIS SUMMARIZER!!!

15. Photosynthetic organisms are producers.
Producers make their own source of chemical energy.
Plants use photosynthesis and are producers.
Photosynthesis captures energy from sunlight to make sugars.

16. In plants, chlorophyll is found in organelles called chloroplasts.
Chlorophyll is a
molecule that absorbs
light energy.
chloroplast
leaf cell
leaf
In plants, chlorophyll is
found in organelles
called chloroplasts.

17. Each part of the chloroplast is responsible for a specific reaction.
Photosynthesis takes place in two parts of chloroplasts.
grana (thylakoids)
stroma
chloroplast
stroma
grana (thylakoids)
Each part of the chloroplast is responsible for a specific reaction.

18. The 1st Reaction Light Dependent Reaction
take place in grana (thylakoids)
water and sunlight are needed
chlorophyll absorbs energy
energy is transferred along thylakoid membrane then to light-independent reactions (ATP is used to drive the 2nd reaction.)
oxygen is released

20. The 2nd Step Light Independent Reaction
take place in stroma
needs carbon dioxide from atmosphere
use energy to build a sugar in a cycle of chemical reactions (ATP)
This is also referred to as the CALVIN CYCLE!!!

22. The equation for the overall process is:
6CO2 + 6H2O  C6H12O6 + 6O2
C6H12O6
granum (stack of thylakoids)
thylakoid
sunlight
1 six-carbon sugar
6H2O
6CO2
6O2
chloroplast 1 2 4 3
energy
stroma (fluid outside the thylakoids)

23. Reactants of Photosynthesis
Radiant energy
Sunlight is absorbed by the chloroplasts in the leaves of the plant
Carbon dioxide
Absorbed by the leaves of the plant
Water
Absorbed from the soil by the roots of the plant

24. Products of Photosynthesis
Sugar (C6H12O6 = glucose)
Produced in the leaves of the plant and is transported to the rest of the plant for chemical energy
What is the suffix for identifying a sugar?
Oxygen
Is released from the leaves of the plant into the atmosphere

25. Summarizer Write out the equation of photosynthesis.
Switch papers with your neighbor and add any additional information.

27. Why is the release of oxygen by plants an important function?
How does it affect us?

28. How do animals get their energy?
Animals extract energy from the food they consume through the process of cellular respiration

29. What is Cellular Respiration?
Process in which organisms release stored energy from food.
Formula:
6O2 + C6H12O6 energy + 6CO2 + 6H2O

30. Two types of Cellular Respiration
Aerobic Respiration
Requires Oxygen
Anaerobic Respiration
Does NOT require Oxygen

31. Aerobic Respiration Occurs in the presence of oxygen
Involves 3 steps: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain
Complete breakdown of sugar
Produces: ATP + carbon dioxide
More efficient because it produces a greater quantity of ATP

32. 1st step of AEROBIC respiration
Glycolysis
anaerobic process (does not require oxygen)
takes place in cytoplasm
splits glucose into two three-carbon molecules
produces two ATP molecules
-products are transferred to the mitochondria for the 2nd step (the Kreb’s Cycle)

33. energy from glycolysis
2nd step of AEROBIC respiration
The Krebs cycle transfers energy to an electron transport chain.
takes place in mitochondrial matrix
breaks down three-carbon molecules from glycolysis
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Krebs Cycle
makes a small amount of ATP
releases carbon dioxide
transfers energy-carrying molecules

34. energy from glycolysis
3rd step of AEROBIC respiration
The electron transport chain produces a large amount of ATP.
takes place in inner membrane
energy transferred to electron transport chain
oxygen enters process
34 ATP produced
6H O 2
6CO 6O
mitochondrion
matrix (area enclosed
by inner membrane)
inner membrane
ATP
energy
energy from glycolysis 1 4 3
and
Electron Transport
water released as a waste product

35. Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
They are opposite processes
Reactants for one process are the products for the other
Two processes together maintain the balance of life on earth

36. The equation for the overall process is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2  6CO2 + 6H2O

37. Anaerobic Respiration
Occurs in the absences of oxygen
Body is deprived of enough oxygen to maintain aerobic reactions
Involves 2 steps: Glycolysis, and Fermentation
Incomplete breakdown of sugar
Produces:
ATP + carbon dioxide + alcohol/lactic acid
Not as efficient as aerobic respiration (produces less ATP)

38. Fermentation allows the production of a small amount of ATP without oxygen.

39. Fermentation allows glycolysis to continue making ATP when oxygen is unavailable.
Fermentation does not produce ATP.

40. NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis
Lactic acid fermentation occurs in muscle cells.
glycolysis splits glucose into two pyruvate molecules
pyruvate and NADH enter fermentation
energy from NADH converts pyruvate into lactic acid
NADH is changed back into NAD+

41. Fermentation and its products are important in several ways.
Alcoholic fermentation is similar to lactic acid fermentation.
glycolysis splits glucose and the products enter fermentation
energy from NADH is used to split pyruvate into an alcohol and carbon dioxide
NADH is changed back into NAD+
NAD+ is recycled to glycolysis

42. Alcoholic Fermentation is used in food production by yeast and microorganisms to produce:
yogurt
cheese
bread
Lactic Acid Fermentation occurs in animals.
It is caused by the buildup of lactic acids in muscle cells.
-soreness
-burning

43. Summarizer
What is the total amount of ATP produced from one molecule of glucose during aerobic respiration?

44. Summarizer
How can you tell if your body is going through aerobic or anaerobic respiration when you are working out?

45. Summarizer: Complete the chart below on the steps of aerobic respiration.
Use the terms
Glycolysis
ETC
Glucose
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Water
Krebs Cycle
2 ATP
34 ATP

46. Complete the chart of anaerobic respiration below:
Summarizer
Complete the chart of anaerobic respiration below:
Use the Terms:
Glucose
2ATP
Fermentation
Lactic acid
Alcoholic
Glycolysis
Yeast
Microorganisms
Animals

47. Use the chart to answer the Essential Question:
Summarizer
Use the chart to answer the Essential Question:
How is energy cycled through the processes of photosynthesis and respiration?

48. Comparison Chart: Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Summarizer
Comparison Chart: Photosynthesis vs. Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Function
Location
Reactants
Products
Chemical Equation