Do Now 1. The smallest unit of matter is the _________. 2. Two or more atoms are combined to make a ___________. 3. A bond that involves the sharing of electrons is called a __________ bond. 4. How many protons does carbon have? How many valence electron does carbon have? Draw a Lewis Dot Structure for carbon.

Biomolecules Molecules of Life

Molecules are combinations of atoms What are the 4 elements that make up 96% of living matter? Carbon C Oxygen O Nitrogen N Hydrogen H

Importance of Carbon carbon can create strong skeletons or backbones

Carbon bonds with Carbon Biomolecules have carbon backbones  They are organic molecules C-skeletons: straight chain, branched chain, ring

Carbon bonds with Hydrogen Hydrocarbons are molecules composed of only hydrogen and carbon Are hydrophobic

Carbon bonds with functional groups Functional groups are groups of atoms that interact in predictable ways Functional groups attach to carbon backbones to create biomolecules

Hydroxyl Group alcohols polar  Hydrophilic  Soluble in water Found in sugars

Do Now – Which molecule… Is hydrophobic? Is more likely to dissolve in water? Is an alcohol? Is hydrophilic? Is a hydrocarbon? Will not dissolve in aqueous solution?

Carbonyl Ketones (within) and aldehydes (on the end) Polar Found in sugars

Carboxyl Group carboxylic acids Polar Acidic Found in fatty acids and proteins

Amino Group Amines Polar Basic Found in amino acids (proteins)

Phosphate Group Store/transfer energy Polar; water soluble Found in nucleic acids Found in ATP (adenosine triphosphate) = cell energy

Match the molecule with the description 1. Which molecule(s) are hydrophobic? 2. Which molecule(s) will dissolve in water? 3. Which molecule(s) are acidic? 4. Which molecule(s) remove H+ from solution? 5. Which molecule is a universal solvent? 6. Identify the alcohol. 7. Identify the carboxylic acid. 8. Identify the ketone. 9. Identify the aldehyde.

Monomers & Polymers Biomolecules are combinations of smaller molecules called monomers Monomers link together to form polymers

Building and breaking polymers dehydration synthesis = monomers combined to make polymers

Building and breaking polymers Hydrolysis = polymers are broken into monomers

4 Biomolecules All polymers are classified into one of 4 biomolecules:  Carbohydrates  Lipids  Proteins  Nucleic Acids

Molecule Race Yum!

EXAMPLE 5 carbon straight chain hydrocarbon with a hydroxyl on the last carbon

4 carbon straight chain (hydrocarbon)

3 carbon straight chain molecule with a hydroxyl on the middle carbon

4 carbon straight ketone with a carbonyl on the second carbon

2 carbon carboxylic acid with a carboxyl on the first carbon

2 carbon straight chain with a 2 carbon branch on the second carbon (hydrocarbon)

Remove the end hydrogen from the branch and add an amino

A 4 carbon ring with a hydroxyl on 2 different carbons

Do Now What is the source of energy for your cells? How does the food you eat get its energy?

Carbohydrates!

Carbohydrates Ring shape Provide and store energy; building material in plants

Carbohydrates Carbs are hydrophilic  Full of hydroxyls and carbonyls

Monosaccharides 1 ring Example: Glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) energy source

Disaccharides Double Sugars (oxygen bridge) Example: Sucrose immediate energy or stored

Polysaccharides Long polymer of sugar monomers Complex carbs Starch: chain of glucose monomers  used by plants as sugar storage  Animals can break down starch to release glucose and energy

Polysaccharides Glycogen  Used by animals to store extra sugar  Stored in the liver

Polysaccharides Cellulose  Used by plants for building material  Most animals cannot break down cellulose; passes through body as fiber Chitin  Used by fungi for building material

Lipids!

Lipids ALL hydrophobic

Lipids: Phospholipids Phospholipids: form cell membranes

Lipids Fats (triglycerides) 3 C backbone (glycerol) attached to 3 long chains of hydrocarbons (fatty acids) Store energy, cushion organs, insulate

Lipids: Fats Saturated fats  all fatty acids have maximum H atoms  Solid at room T Unsaturated fats  One or more double bond in fatty acid chain, causing in to kink Which do you want to limit in your diet?

Lipids: Steroids C-skeleton of 4 fused rings Steroids are chemical signals  Cholesterol = essential in cell membranes; building block of other steroids

Which molecule… 1. Is a product of photosynthesis? 2. May be used to store extra glucose in plants? 3. May be used to store extra glucose in animals? 4. Is composed of two sugar rings? 5. Is the monomer of carbohydrates? 6. Is needed to split a disaccharide into two monosaccharides?

1. Is a chemical signal that is the building block of other chemical signals? 2. Is the molecule that makes up the cell membrane? 3. Is a fat that is solid at room temp. & should be limited in your diet? 4. Is fat that stays liquid at room temp.? 5. Is the 3 carbon backbone of a fat molecule?

Proteins!

Proteins Proteins have many important functions. Some are:  Antibodies  Receptors  Enzymes  Neurotransmittors  Energy Storage  Build and Repair muscles and tissue

Amino Acids Proteins are polymers made up of monomers called amino acids Amino Acids consist of one central C bonded to 4 partners:  H-atom  Carboxyl  Amino  An “R-group”

Polypeptides Amino acids link together forming peptide bonds

Protein Structure Polypeptides take shape to from a protein. Each protein has its own unique 3-D shape that determines its function The shape of a protein is determined by how its amino acids interact

Denaturation Proteins can be unraveled and changed by changes in temp, pH, or other changes in environment

Enzymes

Protein: Enzymes An enzyme is a biological catalyst Lower the activation energy of a specific reaction  allow chemical reactions in cells to occur at normal temperatures

Protein: Enzymes Each enzyme has a specific job Used again and again Ability depends on shape

Protein: Enzymes Substrate molecules fit into active site, enzyme molds around substrate  enzyme-substrate complex Enzyme breaks up the substrate

Primary Structure The chain of amino acids = polypeptide 20 different amino acids make up hundreds of thousands of different polypeptides

Secondary Structure The way a part of the polypeptide twists or coils Forms α-helixes, or β-pleated sheets

Tertiary Structure the helixes and pleated sheets fold in respect to each other

Quaternary Structure Describes how the 2 or more polypeptides fold in respect to each other