1. Molecules of Life

2. Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
Organic Compounds
Hydrogen and other elements covalently bonded to carbon
Four types of organic compounds:
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids

3. What’s so special about Carbon?
Carbon wants to make 4 bonds with other elements which leads to a big molecule
***Remember Carbon has 4 valence electrons***

4. What’s so special about Carbon?
Straight
Branched
Ringed

5. What’s so special about Carbon?
Single bonds
Double bonds
Triple bonds
With other carbons or other elements
C-C-C-C C=C=C

6. Carbohydrates
Elements: C H2 O Basic building blocks or MONOMERS: Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Ex: Glucose, Fructose DIMERS or Disaccharides: Ex Sucrose, Maltose Function: Energy

7. Functional Groups
Since most organic compounds are large molecules, the entire molecule does not take part in the chemical reaction
Only a few atoms that are covalently bonded will take part in the chemical reaction
These are called functional groups (groups of atoms that function in the molecule)
Give organic compounds their different properties

8. Examples of Functional Groups
Hydroxyl group - OH
Amino group - NH3+
Carboxyl group - COOH
Phosphate group - PO3-
Sulfhydryl group - SH

9. Types of Reactions
Two main types of reaction happen in a cell Condensation/dehydration synthesis = small molecules or monomers are joined together or condensed to make a larger molecule Cleavage or hydrolysis = large molecules or polymers are broken down or cleaved to form smaller molecules

10. Condensation

11. Hydrolysis A type of cleavage reaction
Breaks polymers into smaller units
An -OH group and an H atom derived from water are attached at exposed sites

12. Hydrolysis

13. Carbohydrates
POLYMERS: Oligosaccharides (short-chain carbohydrates) And Polysaccharides (long chain or complex carbohydrates)

14. Cellulose and Starch
Cell walls component
Stores of carbs in potato

15. Glycogen Sugar storage form in animals
Large stores in muscle and liver cells
When blood sugar decreases, liver cells degrade glycogen, release glucose

16. What is the function of carbs?
Energy
Support
Energy storage
All of the above
A and B only

17. What is the function of carbs?
Energy
Support
Energy storage
All of the above
A and B only

18. Which of these are monomers of carbs?
Starch
Glycogen
Glucose
Cellulose

19. Which of these are monomers of carbs?
Starch
Glycogen
Glucose
Cellulose

20. Common Characteristics of Carbohydrates
Hydrophilic- many hydroxyl groups (OH)
2) Mono and disaccharides dissolve in water = sugar solution
3) Cellulose and some starch do not dissolve in water because they are too big

21. Lipids Elements C, H, O Monomers are Fatty acids Glycerol Polymers are
Fats
Phospholipids
Waxes

22. Fats Glycerol Function: Energy stores Thermal Insulation Fatty Acid
Fatty acid(s) attached to glycerol
makes Triglycerides
Glycerol
Function:
Energy stores
Thermal Insulation
Fatty Acid

23. Fatty Acids Carboxyl group (COOH) at one end
Carbon backbone (up to 36 C atoms)
Saturated (bad fat)- Single bonds between carbons
Unsaturated (good fat)- One or more double bonds

24. Phospholipids
Main components of cell membranes

25. Waxes
Long-chain fatty acids linked to long chain alcohols or carbon rings
Firm consistency, repel water
Important in water-proofing

26. Steroids No fatty acids
Rigid backbone of four fused-together carbon rings
Cholesterol - most common type in animals
Estrogen, testosterone

28. Give two differences and two similarities between a carb and a lipid?

29. Give two differences and two similarities between a carb and a lipid?
Lipids and carbs have CHO
Lipids and carbs provide energy to the cell
Both have OH functional group
Carbs have CH2O, Lipids have no ratio
Lipids are long term, carbs are short term
Lipids have OH and COOH functional group, carbs have OH
Hormones are lipids

30. Proteins Elements C, H, O, N, sometimes S Monomers: Amino acids
Polymers: Polypeptides or proteins
Examples: hair, muscle.

31. 20 types of R groups = 20 types of amino acids
carboxyl
group
amino
group
R group
20 types of R groups = 20 types of amino acids

33. Polymer = two or more monomers joined by -
Covalent bonds
Specifically peptide bonds
What is a dipeptide?
Polypeptide?

34. Protein have Shapes Fibrous proteins Globular proteins
Polypeptide chains arranged as strands or sheets
Globular proteins
Polypeptide chains folded into compact, rounded shapes

35. Primary Structure Sequence of amino acids Unique for each protein
one peptide group

36. Secondary Structure
Hydrogen bonds form between different parts of polypeptide chain
These bonds give rise to coiled or extended pattern
Helix or pleated sheet

37. Tertiary Structure heme group
Folding as a result of interactions between R groups
coiled and twisted polypeptide chain of one globin molecule

38. Quaternary Structure
Some proteins are made up of more than one polypeptide chain
Hemoglobin

39. Functions of Proteins
Enzymes which control and speed up all chemical reactions in our bodies
Hormones which act as signals to tell the body what to do and when
Antibodies help our bodies fight infection
5. Hemoglobin carries oxygen around our bodies

40. Functions of Proteins 6. Storage – in Milk, eggs, seeds etc
7. Structure of cell and body – web, silk, hair, skin, feathers
Motor – muscle proteins, cilia, flagella
Receptor proteins – recieves signals from nerves that help in response to stimuli

41. Important protein: Enzyme Structure and Function
Protein that coordinates all cell activity
Enzymes are catalytic molecules
They speed the rate of reactions
IMPORTANT:
All enzymes are protein BUT all proteins are not enzymes

42. Process of enzyme activity

43. How enzymes work
Substrate ( reactant) fits into the active site of the enzyme
The enzyme breaks/forms bonds and releases the products
The enzyme can then be used again with another substrate

44. Four Features of Enzymes
Enzymes do not make anything happen that could not happen on its own. They just make it happen much faster.
Reactions do not alter or use up enzyme molecules.
The same enzyme usually works for both the forward and reverse reactions.
Each type of enzyme recognizes and binds to only certain substrates.

45. Activation Energy
For a reaction to occur, an energy barrier must be surmounted
Enzymes make the energy barrier smaller
activation energy
without enzyme
starting
substance
activation energy
with enzyme
energy
released
by the
reaction
products

46. Factors Influencing Enzyme Activity
Temperature pH
Salt concentration
Enzymes secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures change but the primary structure does not – why?