Chapter 11

 Organic chemistry is chemistry of carbon  Carbon forms strong chemical bonds to other carbon atoms and to many other elements: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and the halogens.  Forms 4 stable covalent bonds. (4 shared pairs of electrons) that may be present as: A.4 single bonds per atom B.2 single bonds and 1 double bond C. or 1 single bond and 1 triple bond.

 Readily forms long chain structures such as those in fats and oil  Well over a million known carbon compounds  With the ability of carbon to bond in different ways, an important part of organic chemistry concerns the structure of compounds. Ex. Three organic compounds have the identical molecular formula, C 5 H 12  Isomers: Compounds with the same formula but different structures

 Formula: CnH2n+2  Naming: all end in “ane” methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane octane decane

 Used as fuel.  Long chains have higher boiling, short chains are only gases at room temperature (methane, ethane, butane, propane).  Are known as the “Saturated” molecules because it has the maximum amount of hydrogens.  Rotating bonds

 Molecular formula: C 4 H 10  Structural Formula:  Condensed Structural Formula:

 Look for the longest continuous chain of carbon. 1. Identify the substituent groups attached to the parent chain. A substituent group is any atom or group that has replaced a hydrogen atom on the parent chain. 2. Number the continuous chain in the direction that places the substituents on the lowest-numbered carbon atoms. 3. The parent name is the last part of the name. 4. Substituent group(s) name and the location number(s) comes before the parent name.

5. Separate numbers from substituents by “ - ” 6. If two substituents (branches) are on the same carbon of the parent chain, the number of the carbon they are attached to is written before each branch name. If the two branches are identical, the numbers are both written before the substituent name, and the prefix “di” is added to the name. 7. Separate numbers by commas. 8. Suggest ordering by the most complexity. ie. Methyl then ethyl

Formula: C n H 2n Naming: all end in “ene”  Has at least one double bond  Double bonds are not free to rotate.  Unsaturated  Start name at the end closest to the double bond. This is more important that the branches.

Formula: C n H 2n-2 Naming: all end in “yne”  Has at least one triple bond  Unsaturated  Start name at the end closest to the triple bond This is more important that the branches

 Chapter 11 instead of 13  Alkanes – Chp 11.4, Pg 509, 528  Alkenes – Chp 11.5, Pg 543  Alkynes – Chp 11.5, Pg 543  Cycloalk’s – Chp 11.4, Pg 535

 Practice – Organic Nomenclature (package) Categories 1 – 5  Assignment Some of 4-8, 9, some of 10, 20, 27 *These are not pages out of the textbook. They refer to questions in booklet (handout).