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Organic Chemistry Topic 10.1.1 – 10.1.8 1 2 3 4 bonds HONC.

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Presentation on theme: "Organic Chemistry Topic 10.1.1 – 10.1.8 1 2 3 4 bonds HONC."— Presentation transcript:

1 Organic Chemistry Topic – bonds HONC

2 What is organic chemistry?
study of carbon, the compounds it makes, and the reactions it undergoes over 16 million carbon-containing compounds are known because the C-C single bond (348 kJ mol-1) and the C-H bond (412 kJ mol-1) are strong, carbon compounds are stable carbon can form chains and rings

3 Homologous series/compounds (10.1.1)
related compounds that have the same functional group (groups of atoms found within molecules that are involved in the chemical reactions characteristic of those molecules)

4

5 differ from each other by a CH2 unit
can be represented by a general formula examples: CnH2n+2 (alkanes) or CnH2n (alkenes) or…

6

7 have similar chemical properties
have physical properties that vary in a regular manner as the number of carbon atoms present increases Example: the alkanes

8

9 Trends in boiling points of members of a homologous series (10.1.2)
melting point and boiling point increase with more carbon atoms Why? intermolecular forces increase adding a CH2 adds more electrons this increases the Van der Waal’s forces Alkane Formula Boiling Pt./oC methane CH4 -162.0 ethane C2H6 -88.6 propane C3H8 -42.2 butane C4H10 -0.5 Intermolecular forces present & molar mass

10

11 Empirical, molecular & structural formulas (10.1.3)

12 simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule
Empirical Formula Molecular Formula CH4 CH3 C2H6 CH2O C6H12O6 CH2 C4H8 C8H16 empirical formula simplest ratio of atoms in a molecule molecular formula actual numbers of atoms in a molecule

13 structural formula unambiguously shows how the atoms are bonded together can use condensed structural formulas bonds are omitted, repeated groups put together, side chains put in brackets CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 or even CH3(CH2)4CH3 CH3CH(CH3)CH3 (this is not the molecule above)

14 condensed

15 skeletal formula not accepted in the IB for answers but often used
every “corner” represents a carbon hydrogens are implied

16 Isomers (10.1.4) (structural) isomers: compounds with the same molecular formula but different structure (arrangement of atoms)

17 different isomers are completely different compounds
have different physical properties such as melting point and boiling point

18 Structural Formulas for C4H10O Isomers

19 Alkanes Structural formulas for the isomers of non-cyclic alkanes up to C6 (10.1.5) hydrocarbon chains where all the bonds between carbons are SINGLE bonds CnH2n+2 draw out and write the structural formulas for all isomers that can be formed by: CH4 C2H6 C3H8 C4H10 C5H12 C6H14 Richard Thornley 2:54

20 Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of non-cyclic alkanes up to C6 (10.1.6)
Richard Thornley 3:35 Determine the longest carbon chain Use the prefix to denote the number carbons Monkeys Eat Peeled Bananas 1 Meth- 2 Eth- 3 Prop- 4 But- 5 Pent- 6 Hex-

21 use the suffix “-ane” to indicate that the substance is an alkane
number the carbons in the chain consecutively, starting at the end closest to a substituent (groups attached to the main chain/most busy end)

22 name and number the location of each substituent
the name of the substituent will be written before the main chain and will end with “–yl” (or just memorize the below) CH3 is methyl C2H5 is ethyl C3H7 is propyl And with 2 or more side chains: use prefixes di-, tri-, tetra-, to indicate when there are multiple side chains of the same type use commas to separate numbers and hyphens to separate numbers or letters. name the side chains in alphabetical order

23 How about C5H12? The isomers are:
Pentane methyl-butane dimethyl-propane

24 Alkenes Structural formulas for the isomers of the straight chain alkenes up to C6 (10.1.7) alkenes have a double bond between two or more of the carbons CnH2n draw out and write the structural formulas for all isomers that can be formed by each C2H4 C3H6 C4H8 C5H10 C6H12 Richard Thornley (1:37)

25 Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 1 9 carbons = nonane 2 4 3 5 6 7 8 9 Step #1: For a branched hydrocarbon, the longest continuous chain of carbon atoms gives the root name for the hydrocarbon

26 Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 Step #2: When alkane groups appear as substituents, they are named by dropping the -ane and adding -yl.

27 Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 1 9 NOT 9 1 Step #3: The positions of substituent groups are specified by numbering the longest chain of carbon atoms sequentially, starting at the end closest to the branching.

28 Nomenclature Practice
Name this compound 9 carbons = nonane 1 2 4 3 5 6 CH3 = methyl 7 chlorine = chloro 8 9 2-chloro-3,6-dimethylnonane Step #4: The location and name of each substituent are followed by the root alkane name. The substituents are listed in alphabetical order (irrespective of any prefix), and the prefixes di-, tri-, etc. are used to indicate multiple identical substituents.

29 Naming the isomers (IUPAC) of straight chain alkenes up to C6 (10.1.8)
suffix changes to “-ene” when there are 4 or more carbon atoms in a chain, the location of the double bond is indicated by a number begin counting the carbons closest to the end with the C=C bond numbering the location of the double bond(s) takes precedence over the location of any substituents 1-butene butene but-1-ene but-2-ene

30 choose the correct ending
Naming Practice!!! choose the correct ending ene

31 determine the longest carbon chain
ene

32 assign numbers to each carbon
ene

33 assign numbers to each carbon
ene

34 attach prefix (according to # of carbons)
ene 1-hexene

35 determine name for side chains
ethyl methyl methyl determine name for side chains 1-hexene 1-hexene

36 attach name of branches alphabetically
ethyl methyl methyl attach name of branches alphabetically 2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene 1-hexene

37 group similar branches
ethyl methyl methyl group similar branches 2-ethyl-4-methyl-4-methyl-1-hexene 1-hexene

38 group similar branches
ethyl methyl methyl group similar branches 2-ethyl-4,4-dimethyl-1-hexene or 2-ethyl-4,4-dimethy hex-1-ene

39 propene 2,4-dimethyl-2-pentene 2,4-dimethyl pent-2-tene 2-butene

40 a) 3,3-dimethyl-1-pentene b) same
C H 3 C H C C C H C H C H 3 3 C H 3 c) 4,5 dimethyl-2-hexene


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