1. The Chemistry of Carbon
Organic Chemistry
The Chemistry of Carbon

2. Topics Standard Representation “Straight” Chain Alkanes Alkyl Groups
Naming Substituted Hydrocarbons
Determining the Structure from a name
Structural Isomers
Basic Functional Groups

3. Representing Organic Molecules
Hydrocarbons are compounds containing only Carbon and Hydrogen and oxygen.
The simplest Hydrocarbons are the “Straight” Chain Alkanes
The 3 Standard methods of representing Hydrocarbons are:
H H H H
| | | |
H-C-C-C-C-H or CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 or C4H10
H H H H
Condensed
Structure
Molecular
Formula
Full Structure

4. Naming “Straight” Chain Alkanes
# of Carbon
Name
Condensed Formula
methane = CH
ethane =CH3-CH
propane=CH3-CH2-CH3 3
butane=CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 4
pentane = CH3-CH2-CH2-CH2-CH3 5
hexane=
heptane=
octane=
nonane=
decane=

5. Branched Alkanes
A Hydrocarbon chain can have “side branches” which are also hydrocarbon chains
CH3-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3 |
CH2 (alkyl group)
CH3

6. Naming Alkyl groups Replace “ane” with “yl”
methane (CH4) Becomes Methyl (CH3-)
ethane (CH3-CH3) => ethyl (CH3-CH2-)
propane =>propyl
butane=>butyl
pentane => pentyl
Etc.

7. Naming Substituted Hydrocarbons
A Substituted hydrocarbon is named by writing the following one after another:
The carbon number at which the alkyl group is found
A dash,
The name of the alkyl group, and finally
The name of the longest “parent” carbon chain
NOTE: the carbon atoms in the parent are numbered consecutively
From one end in a manner the give s the LOWEST POSSIBLE SET
OF NUMBERS to the attached groups *****

8. Naming Substituted Hydrocarbons
If more than one DIFFERENT alkyl group is attached to a hydrocarbon:
List the alkyl groups alphabetically,
Precede each alkyl group by its number
Put a dash between number and name.

9. Naming Substituted Hydrocarbons
if an alkyl group is repeated, then
List each carbon number where the repeated group is attached separated by comas
Prefix the repeated group name by di, tri, tetra, etc, to show how many identical groups are attached

10. Cycloalkanes
Hydrocarbons chains that connect “head to tail” are called cyclic, and you use the prefix “cyclo” when naming them
Examples

11. Naming Alkyl Halides
Naming of alkyl halides (halogens F,Cl, Br, I) attached to Alkanes is just like alkyl groups attached to an alkanes, but we use the names “Flouro, Chloro,Bromo,Iodo” instead.
Examples

12. Alkenes and Alynes
An alkene is an organic molecule containing a carbon-carbon double bond
CH3-CH=CH-CH3
An alkyne is an organic molecule containing a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Example

13. Naming Alkenes
Count the carbon chain so that the double bond has the lowest number.
Replace the “ane” ending of the parent with “ene”
Examples

14. Naming Alkynes
Count the carbon chain so that the triple bond has the lowest number.
Replace the “ane” ending of the parent with “yne”
Examples

15. Structural Isomers
Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms are called structural Isomers
Example what are the Structural Isomers of C5H14

16. Geometircal Iosmers (Cis and Trans Isomers)
For alkenes and alkynes 2 new types of structural isomers are possible due to the rigidity of the double and triple bonds.
For “CIS” isomers the groups are on the same side of the double/triple bond
For “Trans” isomers the groups are on the opposite side of the double/triple bond