 1 st Wave - About 50,000 peasants  Included families with small children  Devastated the countryside, killed Jews  Attacked by Bulgars, rest killed by Turks  Main group established 4 Crusader states  Baldwin invited by Armenians to lead Edessa  Bohemund stayed in Antioch  A remnant took Jerusalem, recruited Baldwin to lead  Tripoli  Became common for soldiers to do a ‘tour of duty’ in Crusade lands

 All defenders were killed  Women raped, infants killed  Jews burned inside synagogues “He (God) delivered the city and His enemies to us…And if you desire to know what was done with the enemy who were found there, know that in Solomon’s Porch and in his temple our men rode in the blood of the Saracens up to the knees of their horses.” Letter to Pope Paschal II

 2 nd – Response to fall of Edessa (1144)  Army of 200,000 – accomplished little  3 rd – Response to fall of Jerusalem (Saladin )  Richard the Lionhearted negotiated truce  Pilgrims allowed to visit Holy Land  4 th – Campaign to attack Saladin in Egypt  Instead, took Constantinople  Latins controlled it from  Bad blood between east and west more intense  4 more crusades – ended 1270

 Crusades and Spanish Reconquista strengthened papacy  Reconquista – Reconquest of Spain against Islam  Urban II authority was in doubt  Most powerful time of Innocent III (4 th Crusade)  Contact w/ Holy Land led to contemplation of Jesus  Relics flooded Europe  Increase of trade/bourgeoisie class  Here endeth material for open notes test

 Saxons rebelled under Charlemagne  Either killed or forced to be baptized  Believed that gods forsook them  Only Christian God to turn to  Norsemen converted following King Canute  King of Danes – Over Denmark, Sweden, Norway  Almost all Scandinavia baptized by 1050s  Hungarians  King converted – took name of Stephen (Saint)  Forced conversion of subjects

 Late 800s – Pope Hadrian II  Cursed Lothair II, King of Lorraine because of Lothair’s adultery and warmongering  Epidemic broke out, Lothair died  Next Pope – John VIII murdered  Aid poisoned him, broke skull w/ hammer  Sometimes two or three popes at a time  Rival popes often tried to kill each other  Stephen VI had rival exhumed, publicly humiliated  Simony (buying of a church position) common  Wealthy, powerful families controlled papacy

 Abbey of Cluny, France  Legally excluded the Pope  Became headquarters of reform  100s of monasteries  Attacked simony  Started movement for all clergy to be celibate  Lost momentum because of money  Bruno of Toule – product of Cluny movement  Became Pope Leo IX in 1049  Led to a time of Papal reform