DNA

Name the organelle and give its function. Animal Plant Nucleus Ribosome Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell Endoplasmic Reticulum Golgi Body Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA) Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell Ribosome: site where proteins are made

What is located in the nucleus? What type of organic compound is DNA? What is the monomer of DNA?

What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common? They all share a universal genetic code.

The History of Heredity Why am I so gorgeous ?

Gregor Mendel Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation. But, I haven’t figured out how this happens

What was this substance called? DNA

Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

Watson and Crick Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA. They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.

Erwin Chargaff Chargoff discovered that DNA contains the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A T C C G

DNA is a Nucleic Acid What is a nucleic acid? Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P Are made up of nucleotide monomers Double helix shape Store genetic information Help make proteins Examples: DNA & RNA sugar phosphate nitrogen base

A NUCLEOTIDE H H2H2 H H H3H3 H H H H H O O O CC C N N P O O O C C C C C O O O C C Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base 1. Phosphate Group 2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 3. Nitrogen Base Nucleotides, too

Nucleotides There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. Adenine Guanine Thymine Cytosine Pyrimidines Purines A C G T N base

Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules Adenine always bonds with thymine. A = T Guanine always bonds with Cytosine. G  C The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds A C G T

C G A A T G Nucleotide P S N-b Pairing DNA Nucleotides What is a nucleotide? Rule A to C to T G What is the base pairing rule?What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing?

3’End 5’End DNA DOUBLE HELIX ladder shaped molecule

Purpose of DNA Why do we have DNA? For what does it code? What actually makes you look the way you do?

Remember that the monomer for proteins is amino acids!

DNA Codes for Amino Acids The nitrogen bases in DNA code for amino acids. A triplet of nitrogen bases codes for one amino acid. The triplet is called a codon.

What is RNA? DNA must have a “helper” molecule. RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid made up of monomers called nucleotides sugar phosphate nitrogen base

A B C RNA Nucleotides A - Sugar (ribose) B - Phosphate C - Nitrogen base sugar phosphate nitrogen base Name the parts of the nucleotide.

Rules for Base Pairing Cytosine pairs with Guanine Adenine pairs with Uracil Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine) A = U C = G

Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U 3’ DNA strand 5’ DNA strand RNA strand C A T G G U C A

What is the function of RNA? Carries DNA’s message code Helps make protein Types of RNA  Messenger RNA (mRNA)  Transfer RNA (tRNA)  Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose) RNA Identify the parts of the RNA strand.

DNARNA Sugar is deoxyribose Sugar is ribose Adenine base is present Cytosine base is present √ √ √√ √√ Comparing DNA & RNA

DNARNA Guanine base is present Thymine base is present Uracil base is present Shape is double helix √ √ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA

DNARNA Shape is single stranded Located in nucleus Located in cytoplasm Stores genetic information √ √ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA

DNARNA Functions in protein synthesis Composed of nucleotides Template for synthesis of proteins Transcribes the Template More than one type √√ √√ √ √ √ Comparing DNA & RNA