1. DNA The Structure of DNA
– DNA image
The Structure of DNA

2. Name the organelle and give its function.
Nucleus: control body of the cell; contains the genetic material (DNA)
Ribosome: site where proteins are made
Golgi Aparatus: modifies, sorts, and packages materials from the ER for storage in the cell or secretion outside the cell
Endoplasmic Reticulum: aids in processing carbohydrates, lipids and proteins for export from the cell
Plant
Animal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Once a protein synthesized on a membrane-bound ribosome, it passes across the membrane of ER where the protein is processed by enzymes and folded into its correct three-dimensional conformation. Following the ER, the protein enters the Golgi apparatus where it is further modified by the addition of polysaccharide chains and packaged into vesicles. The ultimate fate of the protein is to be secreted out of the cell via exocytosis of the vesicles.
Nucleus
Golgi Body
Ribosome

3. What is located in the nucleus?
What type of organic compound is DNA?
What is the monomer of DNA?

4. They all share a universal genetic code.
What does the DNA of all these organisms have in common?
The answer – Universal genetic code
They all share a universal genetic code.

5. What is the name of these monomers?C
amine group
carboxyl group
variable R group N H O R C
amine group
carboxyl group
To what organic compound group do they belong?

6. Polypeptide Chain – A Protein
What does the chain of amino acids represent?
Threonine
Arginine
Glycine
Proline
Asparagine
Alanine
Polypeptide Chain – A Protein

7. History of Heredity
Why am I so gorgeous?

8. Gregor Mendel But, I haven’t
figured out
how this
happens
Gregor Mendel determined that traits were passed from generation to generation.

9. Frederick Griffith
Griffith was working on a vaccine for Streptococcus pneumoniae
He worked with 2 strains of the bacteria:
Smooth capsule that causes disease
Rough capsule that does not cause disease

10. Frederick Griffith
He added these bacteria strains, some dead and some living, to lab rats.
These are his results:

11. Frederick Griffith Live Smooth Bacteria Live Rough Bacteria
Dead Smooth Bacteria
Live R+ dead S Bacteria

12. Griffith Proved:
That somehow the dead bacteria have passed their disease-causing substance to the harmless, living bacteria.
Griffith discovered a factor that could transform harmless bacteria into disease-causing bacteria

13. DNA What was this substance called?

14. Oswald Avery
Avery’s team determined that genes are composed of DNA

15. Erwin Chargaff
Chargoff discovered that DNA has the same amount of adenosine as thymine and the same amount of cytosine as guanine. A = T and G = C A T C G

16. Rosalind Franklin & Maurice Wilkins
Franklin and Wilkins used x-ray to discover that DNA was a double helix.

17. Watson and Crick
Watson & Crick won a Nobel Prize for discovering the structural model of DNA.
They credited Wilkins and Franklin. Wilkins also got a Nobel Prize but Franklin did not. Rosalind had passed away and the Nobels are not awarded posthumously.
1953

18. DNA is a Nucleic Acid What is a nucleic acid?
Nucleic acids are one of the major organic compounds.

19. Auld Lang Syne! Nucleic acids contain C, H, N, O, P
Are made up of nucleotide monomers
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
Store genetic information
Help make proteins
Examples: DNA & RNA
NUCLEIC ACIDS
very large linear molecules
made up of nucleotides containing C, H, N, O, P
store genetic information, help to make proteins
examples: DNA and RNA
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

20. DNA Structure For what does DNA stand?
What is the monomer for nucleic acids?
What is the structure of this monomer?
phosphate
nucleotide
sugar
nitrogen base
The numbers are the positions of the carbons on the sugar.
(the 3’ end) 5 4 3 2 1
(the 5’ end)
N base
PO4
Sugar
PO4
N base
Sugar
DeoxyriboNucleic Acid

21. A NUCLEOTIDE 3. Nitrogen Base
1. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogen Base
2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose)
1. Phosphate Group
2. 5-Carbon Sugar (Dexoyribose or Ribose) 1. 2. 3.
3. Nitrogen Base H H2 H3 O C N P 1. 2. 3.
Nucleotides, too

22. Nucleotides A G T C Adenine Purines Guanine Thymine Pyrimidines
There are four nitrogen bases making up four different nucleotides. A
Adenine
Purines
Guanine G
N base T
Thymine
Pyrimidines
Cytosine C

23. Chargaff’s Base Pair Rules
Adenine always bonds with thymine.
Adenine (A) to Thymine (T) A T
The lines between the bases represent hydrogen bonds C G
Guanine always bonds with Cytosine.
Guanine (G) to Cytosine (C)

24. Pairing DNA Nucleotides
What is a nucleotide?
What is the base pairing rule?
What would be the complementary nucleotide pairing? P
N-b
Nucleotide S C G
Rule A
Review slide. Make sure students can pick out the sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogen bases as well as know how the bases pair up (have them tell you the what the answers are before you animate it)
A to T A
C to G T G

25. 3’End
5’End
ladder shaped molecule
DNA DOUBLE HELIX

26. Purpose of DNA Why do we have DNA? DNA contains our genetic codes
For what does it code?
for proteins
What actually makes you look the way you do - DNA or Proteins?

27. What is RNA? RNA stands for RiboNucleic Acid
DNA must have a “helper” molecule.
sugar
phosphate
nitrogen base
RNA is a single stranded nucleic acid
made up of monomers called nucleotides

28. RNA Nucleotides B A C A - Sugar (ribose) B - Phosphate
C - Nitrogen base
nitrogen base
sugar
phosphate B
Name the parts of the nucleotide.
RNA is made of nucleotide subunits arranged in a single strand
Ask students which molecules are which (before you animate the answers) A C

29. RNA Identify the parts of the RNA strand. Nitrogen Base Sugar (ribose)
Make sure students know the molecules located in RNA. Have the students notice that RNA is single stranded whereas DNA is a double helix.
Sugar
(ribose)
Phosphate Group

30. Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)
Rules for Base Pairing
Cytosine pairs with Guanine
C = G
Adenine pairs with Uracil
A = U
IMPORTANT!!!!!!!
Notice that RNA has Uracil (not thymine)

31. Rules for Base Pairing C = G A = U C G A U G C T A 3’ DNA strand
Teacher FYI – the transcription process moves from the 3’ end of DNA to the 5’ end and synthesizes an RNA strand of opposite polarity T A
RNA strand
5’ DNA strand

32. What is the function of RNA?
Carries DNA’s message code
Helps make protein
Types of RNA
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (tRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
Ask students the function of RNA; they should recall this from the organic molecules unit.
Introduce the three types of RNA; you don’t need to give their functions here.
Messenger (mRNA)
Transfer (tRNA)
Ribosomal (rRNA)

33. Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA √ √ √ √ Sugar is deoxyribose
Sugar is ribose
Adenine base is present
Cytosine base is present √ √ √
Review the differences between DNA & RNA
Have them tell you the answers to each before you animate the answers √

34. Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA √ √ √ √ Guanine base is present
Thymine base is present
Uracil base is present
Shape is double helix √ √ √
Review the differences between DNA & RNA
Have them tell you the answers to each before you animate the answers √

35. Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA √ √ √ √ Shape is single stranded
Located in nucleus
Located in cytoplasm
Stores genetic information √ √ √
Review the differences between DNA & RNA
Have them tell you the answers to each before you animate the answers √

36. Comparing DNA & RNA DNA RNA √ √ √ √ √ Functions in protein synthesis
Composed of nucleotides
Template for synthesis of proteins
Transcribes the Template
More than one type √ √ √
Review the differences between DNA & RNA
Have them tell you the answers to each before you animate the answers
You will probably have to tell them the answers to the 1st, 3rd & 4th question on this slide since they don’t know about protein synthesis yet; it will be a good review at the end of the chapter though. √ √