1. November 16 GRADING PEN! Each ANSWER = 1 pt Grade Study guide homework Notes Ch. 12-1 and 12-2 (right side) HW – DNA/RNA coloring wksheet

2. DNA deoxyribonucleic acid : The Blueprint of Life

3. Where have scientists been? Avery, Oswald (1944) Discovered that the nucleic acid - DNA stores and transmits the genetic information from one generation of an organism to the next

4. ALFRED HERSHEY & MARTHA CHASE (1952) CONCLUDED THAT THE GENETIC MATERIAL OF THE BACTERIOPHAGE WAS DNA, NOT PROTEIN USED RADIOACTIVE PHOSPHOROUS AND SULFUR

5. Chargaff, Erwin discovered a relationship in the nitrogenous bases ADENINE (A) = THYMINE (T) GUANINE (G) = CYTOSINE (C)

6. Rosalind Franklin (1952) TOOK AN X-RAY OF THE DNA STRUCTURE SO THE PATTERNS COULD BE SEEN THE X-RAYS SHOW THAT DNA IS TWISTED AROUND EACH OTHER LIKE A HELIX AND HAS 2 STRANDS

7. Watson and Crick (1953) STUDIED THE STRUCTURE OF DNA BY BUILDING A 3-DIMENSIONAL MODEL OF THE MOLECULE AFTER USING CLUES FROM FRANKLIN’S X-RAY OF DNA.

8. Watson and Crick (1953) proposed that DNA is made up of 2 chains of nucleotides held together by nitrogenous bases & that the 2 strands are twisted together in a shape called a double helix.

9. DNA is a polymer made up of repeating monomers of nucleotides. DNA determines an organism’s traits by controlling the manufacturing of specific proteins. The sequencing of nucleotides forms unique genetic information. The Structure of DNA

10. The nucleus of a cell contains chromosomes

11. Which are made up of coiled DNA

12. Eukaryotic chromosomes contain DNA wrapped around proteins called Histones.

13. Each strand of DNA is made up of subunits called

14. Each nucleotide is constructed of 3 parts: a PHOSPHATE group, a SUGAR molecule, & 1 of 4 nitrogen bases Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) Thymine (T) purines pyrimidines

15. Because of the hydrogen bonds, Adenine can only bond with Thymine & Guanine can only bond with Cytosine e e e e *A purine is always paired with a pyrimidine.*

16. http://www.biology.washi ngton.edu/fingerprint/dn apair.gif This is known as COMPLEMENTARY base pairing

17. For example: TCG AAC TGG AGC TTG ACC You try: CCA GAT TGA GGT CTA ACT

18. DNA Replication Copying process by which a cell duplicates its DNA DNA molecule separates into two strands, then produces two new complementary strands following the rules of base pairing Each strand of the double helix of DNA serves as a template for the new strand

19. How Replication Occurs Enzyme – DNA Helicase unzips DNA by breaking the hydrogen bonds between the base pairs, which produces two replication forks DNA polymerase Joins individual nucleotides to make a new strand Proofreads each new strand

20. RNA & Protein Synthesis DNA remains in the nucleus, but in order for it to get its instructions translated into proteins, it must send its message to the ribosomes where proteins are made. The chemical used to carry this message is Messenger RNA.

21. RNA = ribonucleic acid 3 Types of RNA: 1. mRNA= Messenger RNA: FX: Carry the genetic information out of the nucleus for protein synthesis 2. tRNA= transfer RNA: FX: decode the information by transferring the amino acid to the ribosome as it is specified by coded messages in mRNA 3.rRNA= Ribosomal RNA: constitutes 50% of a ribosome, which is the site of protein synthesis.

22. RNA is similar to DNA except: 1. has one strand instead of two strands. 2. has uracil instead of thymine. 3. has ribose instead of deoxyribose.

23. mRNA has the job of taking the message from the DNA to the nucleus to the ribosomes. Transcription - RNA is made from DNA Translation - Proteins are made from the message on the RNA